© 2023 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, SwitzerlandJiménez-Varona, José2026-02-192026-02-192023-02-10Aerospace 10(2): 163https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/10/2/163https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12666/1736This research received no external funding. This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Defense under the INTA program IDATEC. The author expresses his gratefulness to Gabriel Liaño, from the Theoretical and Computational Aerodynamics Laboratory of the Flight Physics Department of INTA, who helped in the post-processing of the numerical data and contributed with ideas for the analysis of the calculations.The author declares no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.Rolling motion is the motion where a body flies at a constant pitch angle α with respect to the freestream velocity vector, while undergoing a constant angular rotation p about its longitudinal axis. An effect of this motion is the appearance of a Magnus force and moment, which add to the static forces and moments. One problem that arises at high angles of attack is that the flow is not symmetric in these conditions, leading to a non-zero side force at a zero spin rate. Additionally, the roughness induces a roll angle effect on the side and normal forces, and therefore on the moments. Then, at low roll rates, the prediction is difficult to assess due to the complex interactions due to the moving walls, roughness and shedding vortices that appear at the leeside. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an appropriate tool for investigating these non-linear effects, particularly at high angles of attack. It can help provide a more accurate model of the forces and moments and provide insight into the complex flow field. It is necessary to use high-level turbulence models, transient calculations and fine grids in order to capture the flow field and obtain accurate forces, moments and their derivatives. The calculations have shown that the flow is not symmetrical with the roll rate. There are differences depending on the sign of the spin velocity. The Magnus forces are difficult to determine from the total forces, as there are significant non-linear effects.engAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Rolling motionMagnus effectAsymmetric flowCFDRoughnessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article10.3390/aerospace100201632226-4310info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess