Examinando por Autor "Figueira, P."

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Acceso Abierto
A hot mini-Neptune in the radius valley orbiting solar analogue HD 110113
(Oxford Academics: Oxford University Press, 2021-01-25) Osborn, Hugh P.; Armstrong, D. J.; Adibekyan, V.; Collins, K. A.; Delgado Mena, E.; Howell, Steve B.; Hellier, C.; King, G. W.; Lillo Box, J.; Nielsen, L. D.; Otegi, Jon F.; Santos, Nuno C.; Ziegler, C.; Anderson, D. R.; Briceño, C.; Burke, C. J.; Bayliss, D.; Barrado, D.; Bryant, E. M.; Brown, D. J. A.; Barros, S. C. C.; Bouchy, F.; Caldwell, D. A.; Conti, D.; Díaz, R. F.; Dragomir, D.; Deleuil, M.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Dorn, C.; Daylan, T.; Figueira, P.; Helled, R.; Hoyer, S.; Jenkins, J. S.; Jensen, E. L. N.; Latham, D. W.; Law, N.; Louie, D.; Mann, A. W.; Osborn, A.; Pollacco, D.; Rodríguez, D. R.; Rackham, B. V.; Ricker, George; Scott, N. J.; Sousa, S. G.; Seager, S.; Stassun, K. G.; Smith, J. C.; Strom, P.; Udry, S.; Villaseñor, J. N.; Vanderspek, R.; West, R.; Wheatley, Peter; Winn, J. N.; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); UK Space Agency; Dorn, C. [0000-0001-6110-4610]; Anderson, D. [0000-0001-7416-7522]; Barros, S. [0000-0003-2434-3625]; Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199]; Armstrong, D. [0000-0002-5080-4117]; Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
We report the discovery of HD 110113 b (TESS object of interest-755.01), a transiting mini-Neptune exoplanet on a 2.5-d orbit around the solar-analogue HD 110113 (Teff = 5730 K). Using TESS photometry and High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) radial velocities gathered by the NCORES program, we find that HD 110113 b has a radius of 2.05 ± 0.12 R⊕ and a mass of 4.55 ± 0.62 M⊕. The resulting density of 2.90+0.75−0.59 g cm−3 is significantly lower than would be expected from a pure-rock world; therefore HD 110113 b must be a mini-Neptune with a significant volatile atmosphere. The high incident flux places it within the so-called radius valley; however, HD 110113 b was able to hold on to a substantial (0.1–1 per cent) H–He atmosphere over its ∼4 Gyr lifetime. Through a novel simultaneous Gaussian process fit to multiple activity indicators, we were also able to fit for the strong stellar rotation signal with period 20.8 ± 1.2 d from the RVs and confirm an additional non-transiting planet, HD 110113 c, which has a mass of 10.5 ± 1.2 M⊕ and a period of 6.744+0.008−0.009 d.
Acceso Abierto
A precise architecture characterization of the π Mensae planetary system
(EDP Sciences, 2020-10-01) Damasso, D.; Sozzetti, A.; Lovis, C.; Barros, S. C. C.; Sousa, S. G.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Faria, J. P.; Lillo Box, J.; Cristiani, S.; Pepe, Francesco; Rebolo, R.; Santos, Nuno C.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; González Hernández, J. I.; Amate, M.; Pasquini, L.; Zerbi, Filippo M.; Adibekyan, V.; Abreu, M.; Affolter, M.; Alibert, Y.; Aliverti, M.; Allart, R.; Allende Prieto, C.; Álvarez, D.; Alves, D.; Ávila, G.; Baldini, V.; Bandy, T.; Benz, W.; Bianco, A.; Borsa, F.; Bossini, D.; Bourrier, V.; Bouchy, F.; Broeg, C.; Cabral, A.; Calderone, G.; Cirami, R.; Coelho, J.; Conconi, P.; Coretti, I.; Cumani, C.; Cupani, G.; D´Odorico, V.; Deiries, S.; Dekker, H.; Delabre, B.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Dumusque, X.; Ehrenreich, D.; Figueira, P.; Fragoso, A.; Genolet, L.; Genoni, M.; Génova Santos, R.; Hughes, I.; Iwert, O.; Kerber, F.; Knudstrup, J.; Landoni, M.; Lavie, B.; Lizon, Jean Louis; Lo Curto, G.; Maire, C.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Modigliani, A.; Molaro, P.; Monteiro, M. A.; Monteiro, M. J. P. F. G.; Moschetti, M.; Mueller, E.; Murphy, M. T.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Oggioni, L.; Oliveira, António; Oshagh, M.; Pallé, E.; Pariani, G.; Poretti, E.; Rasilla, J. L.; Rebordao, J.; Redaelli, E.; Riva, M.; Santa Tschudi, S.; Santin, P.; Santos, Pedro; Ségransan, D.; Schmidt, T. M.; Segovia, A.; Sosnowska, D.; Spanò, P.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Tabernero, H. M.; Tenegi, F.; Udry, S.; Zanutta, A.; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI); Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT); Australian Research Council (ARC); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); 0000-0003-0987-1593; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Context. The bright star pi Men was chosen as the first target for a radial velocity follow-up to test the performance of ESPRESSO, the new high-resolution spectrograph at the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope. The star hosts a multi-planet system (a transiting 4 M-circle plus planet at similar to 0.07 au and a sub-stellar companion on a similar to 2100-day eccentric orbit), which is particularly suitable for a precise multi-technique characterization. Aims. With the new ESPRESSO observations, which cover a time span of 200 days, we aim to improve the precision and accuracy of the planet parameters and search for additional low-mass companions. We also take advantage of the new photometric transits of pi Men c observed by TESS over a time span that overlaps with that of the ESPRESSO follow-up campaign. Methods. We analysed the enlarged spectroscopic and photometric datasets and compared the results to those in the literature. We further characterized the system by means of absolute astrometry with HIPPARCOS and Gaia. We used the high-resolution spectra of ESPRESSO for an independent determination of the stellar fundamental parameters. Results. We present a precise characterization of the planetary system around pi Men. The ESPRESSO radial velocities alone (37 nightly binned data with typical uncertainty of 10 cm s(-1)) allow for a precise retrieval of the Doppler signal induced by pi Men c. The residuals show a root mean square of 1.2 m s(-1), which is half that of the HARPS data; based on the residuals, we put limits on the presence of additional low-mass planets (e.g. we can exclude companions with a minimum mass less than similar to 2 M-circle plus within the orbit of pi Men c). We improve the ephemeris of pi Men c using 18 additional TESS transits, and, in combination with the astrometric measurements, we determine the inclination of the orbital plane of pi Men b with high precision (i(b) =45.8(-1.1)(+1.4) deg). This leads to precise measurement of its absolute mass m(b) = =14.1(-0.4)(+0.5) M-Jup, indicating that pi Men b can be classified as a brown dwarf. Conclusions. The pi Men system represents a nice example of the extreme precision radial velocities that can be obtained with ESPRESSO for bright targets. Our determination of the 3D architecture of the pi Men planetary system and the high relative misalignment of the planetary orbital planes put constraints on and challenge the theories of the formation and dynamical evolution of planetary systems. The accurate measurement of the mass of pi Men b contributes to make the brown dwarf desert a bit greener.
Acceso Abierto
A sub-Neptune and a non-transiting Neptune-mass companion unveiled by ESPRESSO around the bright late-F dwarf HD 5278 (TOI-130)
(EDP Sciences, 2021-04-14) Sozzetti, A.; Damasso, M.; Bonomo, A. S.; Alibert, Y.; Sousa, S. G.; Adibekyan, V.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; González Hernández, J. I.; Barros, S. C. C.; Lillo Box, J.; Stassun, K. G.; Winn, J. N.; Cristiani, S.; Pepe, Francesco; Rebolo, R.; Santos, Nuno C.; Allart, R.; Barclay, T.; Bouchy, F.; Cabral, A.; Ciardi, D. R.; Di Marcantonio, P.; D´Odorico, V.; Ehrenreich, D.; Fausnaugh, M.; Figueira, P.; Haldemann, J.; Jenkins, J. M.; Latham, D. W.; Lavie, B.; Lo Curto, G.; Lovis, C.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Molaro, P.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Oshagh, M.; Otegi, Jon F.; Pallé, E.; Poretti, E.; Ricker, George; Rodríguez, D.; Seager, S.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Twicken, J. D.; Udry, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI); iss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); European Commission (EC); European Research Council (ERC); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033; Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X]; Nunes, N. [0000-0002-3837-6914]; Haldemann, J. [0000-0003-1231-2389]
Context. Transiting sub-Neptune-type planets, with radii approximately between 2 and 4 R⊕, are of particular interest as their study allows us to gain insight into the formation and evolution of a class of planets that are not found in our Solar System. Aims. We exploit the extreme radial velocity (RV) precision of the ultra-stable echelle spectrograph ESPRESSO on the VLT to unveil the physical properties of the transiting sub-Neptune TOI-130 b, uncovered by the TESS mission orbiting the nearby, bright, late F-type star HD 5278 (TOI-130) with a period of Pb = 14.3 days. Methods. We used 43 ESPRESSO high-resolution spectra and broad-band photometry information to derive accurate stellar atmospheric and physical parameters of HD 5278. We exploited the TESS light curve and spectroscopic diagnostics to gauge the impact of stellar activity on the ESPRESSO RVs. We performed separate as well as joint analyses of the TESS photometry and the ESPRESSO RVs using fully Bayesian frameworks to determine the system parameters. Results. Based on the ESPRESSO spectra, the updated stellar parameters of HD 5278 are Teff = 6203 ± 64 K, log g = 4.50 ± 0.11 dex, [Fe/H] = −0.12 ± 0.04 dex, M⋆ = 1.126−0.035+0.036 M⊙, and R⋆ = 1.194−0.016+0.017 R⊙. We determine HD 5278 b’s mass and radius to be Mb = 7.8−1.4+1.5 M⊕ and Rb = 2.45 ± 0.05R⊕. The derived mean density, ϱb = 2.9−0.5+0.6 g cm−3, is consistent with the bulk composition of a sub-Neptune with a substantial (~ 30%) water mass fraction and with a gas envelope comprising ~17% of the measured radius. Given the host brightness and irradiation levels, HD 5278 b is one of the best targetsorbiting G-F primaries for follow-up atmospheric characterization measurements with HST and JWST. We discover a second, non-transiting companion in the system, with a period of Pc = 40.87−0.17+0.18 days and a minimum mass of Mc sin ic = 18.4−1.9+1.8 M⊕. We study emerging trends in parameters space (e.g., mass, radius, stellar insolation, and mean density) of the growing population of transiting sub-Neptunes, and provide statistical evidence for a low occurrence of close-in, 10 − 15M⊕ companions around G-F primaries with Teff ≳ 5500 K.
Acceso Abierto
Atmospheric Rossiter–McLaughlin effect and transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b with ESPRESSO
(EDP Sciences, 2021-01-22) Borsa, F.; Allart, R.; Casasayas Barris, N.; Tabernero, H. M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Cristiani, S.; Pepe, Francesco; Rebolo, R.; Santos, Nuno C.; Adibekyan, V.; Bourrier, V.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Ehrenreich, D.; Pallé, E.; Sousa, S. G.; Lillo Box, J.; Lovis, C.; Micela, G.; Oshagh, M.; Poretti, E.; Sozzetti, A.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alibert, Y.; Amate, M.; Benz, W.; Bouchy, F.; Cabral, A.; Dekker, H.; D´Odorico, V.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Figueira, P.; Genova Santos, R.; González Hernández, J. I.; Lo Curto, G.; Manescau, A.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Molaro, P.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Riva, M.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Udry, S.; Zerbi, Filippo M.; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); European Research Council (ERC); Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X]; Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199]; Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919]; Nunes, N. [0000-0002-3837-6914]; Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X]; Suarez Mascareño, A. [0000-0002-3814-5323]
Context. Ultra-hot Jupiters are excellent laboratories for the study of exoplanetary atmospheres. WASP-121b is one of the most studied; many recent analyses of its atmosphere report interesting features at different wavelength ranges. Aims. In this paper we analyze one transit of WASP-121b acquired with the high-resolution spectrograph ESPRESSO at VLT in one-telescope mode, and one partial transit taken during the commissioning of the instrument in four-telescope mode. Methods. We take advantage of the very high S/N data and of the extreme stability of the spectrograph to investigate the anomalous in-transit radial velocity curve and study the transmission spectrum of the planet. We pay particular attention to the removal of instrumental effects, and stellar and telluric contamination. The transmission spectrum is investigated through single-line absorption and cross-correlation with theoretical model templates. Results. By analyzing the in-transit radial velocities we were able to infer the presence of the atmospheric Rossiter–McLaughlin effect. We measured the height of the planetary atmospheric layer that correlates with the stellar mask (mainly Fe) to be 1.052 ± 0.015 Rp and we also confirmed the blueshift of the planetary atmosphere. By examining the planetary absorption signal on the stellar cross-correlation functions we confirmed the presence of a temporal variation of its blueshift during transit, which could be investigated spectrum-by-spectrum thanks to the quality of our ESPRESSO data. We detected significant absorption in the transmission spectrum for Na, H, K, Li, Ca II, and Mg, and we certified their planetary nature by using the 2D tomographic technique. Particularly remarkable is the detection of Li, with a line contrast of ~0.2% detected at the 6σ level. With the cross-correlation technique we confirmed the presence of Fe I, Fe II, Cr I, and V I. Hα and Ca II are present up to very high altitudes in the atmosphere (~1.44 Rp and ~2 Rp, respectively), and also extend beyond the transit-equivalent Roche lobe radius of the planet. These layers of the atmosphere have a large line broadening that is not compatible with being caused by the tidally locked rotation of the planet alone, and could arise from vertical winds or high-altitude jets in the evaporating atmosphere.
Acceso Abierto
Broadband transmission spectroscopy of HD 209458b with ESPRESSO: evidence for Na, TiO, or both
(EDP Sciences, 2020-12-01) Santos, Nuno C.; Cristo, E.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Oshagh, M.; Allart, R.; Barros, S. C. C.; Borsa, F.; Bourrier, V.; Casasayas Barris, N.; Ehrenreich, D.; Faria, J. P.; Figueira, P.; Martins, J. H. C.; Micela, G.; Pallé, E.; Sozzetti, A.; Tabernero, H. M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Pepe, Francesco; Cristiani, S.; Rebolo, R.; Adibekyan, V.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alibert, Y.; Bouchy, F.; Cabral, A.; Dekker, H.; Di Marcantonio, P.; D´Odorico, V.; Dumusque, X.; González Hernández, J. I.; Lavie, B.; Lo Curto, G.; Lovis, C.; Manescau, A.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Molaro, P.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Poretti, E.; Rivas, M.; Sousa, S. G.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Udry, S.; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); European Research Council (ERC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); 0000-0003-4422-2919; 0000-0001-5992-7589; 0000-0001-7918-0355; 0000-0002-0715-8789; 0000-0003-0987-1593
Context. The detection and characterization of exoplanet atmospheres is currently one of the main drivers pushing the development of new observing facilities. In this context, high-resolution spectrographs are proving their potential and showing that high-resolution spectroscopy will be paramount in this field. Aims. We aim to make use of ESPRESSO high-resolution spectra, which cover two transits of HD 209458b, to probe the broadband transmission optical spectrum of the planet. Methods. We applied the chromatic Rossiter–McLaughin method to derive the transmission spectrum of HD 209458b. We compared the results with previous HST observations and with synthetic spectra. Results. We recover a transmission spectrum of HD 209458b similar to the one obtained with HST data. The models suggest that the observed signal can be explained by only Na, only TiO, or both Na and TiO, even though none is fully capable of explaining our observed transmission spectrum. Extra absorbers may be needed to explain the full dataset, though modeling approximations and observational errors can also be responsible for the observed mismatch. Conclusions. Using the chromatic Rossiter–McLaughlin technique, ESPRESSO is able to provide broadband transmission spectra of exoplanets from the ground, in conjunction with space-based facilities, opening good perspectives for similar studies of other planets.
Acceso Abierto
Characterization of the K2-38 planetary system Unraveling one of the densest planets known to date
(EDP Sciences, 2020-09-14) Toledo Padrón, B.; Lovis, C.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Barros, S. C. C.; González Hernández, J. I.; Sozzetti, A.; Bouchy, F.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Rebolo, R.; Cristiani, S.; Pepe, Francesco; Santos, Nuno C.; Sousa, S. G.; Tabernero, H. M.; Lillo Box, J.; Bossini, D.; Adibekyan, V.; Allart, R.; Damasso, M.; D´Odorico, V.; Figueira, P.; Lavie, B.; Lo Curto, G.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Modigliani, A.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Pallé, E.; Abreu, M.; Affolter, M.; Alibert, Y.; Aliverti, M.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alves, D.; Amate, M.; Ávila, G.; Baldini, V.; Bandy, T.; Benatti, S.; Benz, W.; Bianco, A.; Broeg, C.; Cabral, A.; Calderone, G.; Cirami, R.; Coelho, J.; Conconi, P.; Coretti, I.; Cumani, C.; Cupani, G.; Deiries, S.; Dekker, H.; Delabre, B.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Ehrenreich, D.; Fragoso, A.; Genolet, L.; Genoni, M.; Génova Santos, R.; Hughes, I.; Iwert, O.; Knudstrup, J.; Landoni, M.; Lizon, Jean Louis; Maire, C.; Manescau, A.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mégevand, D.; Molaro, P.; Monteiro, M. J. P. F. G.; Monteiro, M. A.; Moschetti, M.; Mueller, E.; Oggioni, L.; Oliveira, António; Rivas, M.; Santana Tschudi, S.; Santin, P.; Santos, Pedro; Segovia, A.; Sosnowska, D.; Spanò, P.; Tenegi, F.; Udry, S.; Zanutta, A.; Zerbi, Filippo M.; Fundacion La Caixa; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); European Research Council (ERC); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); 0000-0001-8160-5076; 0000-0003-0987-1593; 0000-0001-5664-2852; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Context. An accurate characterization of the known exoplanet population is key to understanding the origin and evolution of planetary systems. Determining true planetary masses through the radial velocity (RV) method is expected to experience a great improvement thanks to the availability of ultra-stable echelle spectrographs. Aims. We took advantage of the extreme precision of the new-generation echelle spectrograph ESPRESSO to characterize the transiting planetary system orbiting the G2V star K2-38 located at 194 pc from the Sun with V similar to 11.4. This system is particularly interesting because it could contain the densest planet detected to date. Methods. We carried out a photometric analysis of the available K2 photometric light curve of this star to measure the radius of its two known planets, K2-38b and K2-38c, with P-b = 4.01593 +/- 0.00050 d and P-c = 10.56103 +/- 0.00090 d, respectively. Using 43 ESPRESSO high-precision RV measurements taken over the course of 8 months along with the 14 previously published HIRES RV measurements, we modeled the orbits of the two planets through a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis, significantly improving their mass measurements. Results. Using ESPRESSO spectra, we derived the stellar parameters, T-eff = 5731 +/- 66, log g = 4.38 +/- 0.11 dex, and [Fe/H] = 0 :26 +/- 0.05 dex, and thus the mass and radius of K2-38, M-star = 1.03(-0.02)(+0.04) M-circle plus and R-circle plus = 1.06+0:09 0:06 R-circle plus. We determine new values for the planetary properties of both planets. We characterize K2-38b as a super-Earth with R-P = 1.54 +/- 0.14 R-circle plus and M-p = 7.3(-1.0)(+1:1) M-circle plus, and K2-38c as a sub-Neptune with RP = 2.29 +/- 0.26 R-circle plus and M-p = 8.3(-1.3)(+1:3) M (circle plus). Combining the radius and mass measurements, we derived a mean density of rho(p) = 11.0(-2.8)(+4:1) g cm(-3) for K2-38b and rho(p) = 3.8+1:8 1:1 g cm(-3) for K2-38c, confirming K2-38b as one of the densest planets known to date. Conclusions. The best description for the composition of K2-38b comes from an iron-rich Mercury-like model, while K2-38c is better described by a rocky-model with H2 envelope. The maximum collision stripping boundary shows how giant impacts could be the cause for the high density of K2-38b. The irradiation received by each planet places them on opposite sides of the radius valley. We find evidence of a long-period signal in the RV time-series whose origin could be linked to a 0.25-3 MJ planet or stellar activity.
Acceso Abierto
ESPRESSO at VLT On-sky performance and first results
(EDP Sciences, 2021-01-19) Pepe, Francesco; Cristiani, S.; Rebolo, R.; Santos, Nuno C.; Dekker, H.; Cabral, A.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Figueira, P.; Lo Curto, G.; Lovis, C.; Mayor, M.; Mégevand, D.; Molaro, P.; Riva, M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Amate, M.; Manescau, A.; Pasquini, L.; Zerbi, Filippo M.; Adibekyan, V.; Abreu, M.; Affolter, M.; Alibert, Y.; Aliverti, M.; Allart, R.; Allende Prieto, C.; Álvarez, D.; Alves, D.; Ávila, G.; Baldini, V.; Bandy, T.; Barros, S. C. C.; Benz, W.; Bianco, A.; Borsa, F.; Bourrier, V.; Bouchy, F.; Broeg, C.; Calderone, G.; Cirami, R.; Coelho, J.; Conconi, P.; Coretti, I.; Cumani, C.; Cupani, G.; D´Odorico, V.; Damasso, M.; Deiries, S.; Delabre, B.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Dumusque, X.; Ehrenreich, D.; Faria, J. P.; Fragoso, A.; Genolet, L.; Genoni, M.; Génova Santos, R.; González Hernández, J. I.; Hughes, I.; Iwert, O.; Kerber, F.; Knudstrup, J.; Landoni, M.; Lavie, B.; Lillo Box, J.; Lizon, Jean Louis; Maire, C.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Modigliani, A.; Monteiro, M. A.; Monteiro, M. J. P. F. G.; Moschetti, M.; Murphy, M. T.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Oggioni, L.; Oliveira, António; Oshagh, M.; Pallé, E.; Pariani, G.; Poretti, E.; Rasilla, J. L.; Rebordao, J.; Redaelli, E.; Santana Tschudi, S.; Santin, P.; Santos, Pedro; Ségransan, D.; Schmidt, T. M.; Segovia, A.; Sosnowska, D.; Sozzetti, A.; Sousa, S. G.; Spanò, P.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Tabernero, H. M.; Tenegi, F.; Udry, S.; Zanutta, A.; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); European Research Council (ERC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Australian Research Council; 0000-0002-9433-871X; 0000-0003-0513-8116; 0000-0002-4339-0550; 0000-0002-6728-244X; 0000-0003-2434-3625; 0000-0002-7504-365X; 0000-0002-7040-5498; 0000-0003-4422-2919; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Context. ESPRESSO is the new high-resolution spectrograph of ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT). It was designed for ultra-high radial-velocity (RV) precision and extreme spectral fidelity with the aim of performing exoplanet research and fundamental astrophysical experiments with unprecedented precision and accuracy. It is able to observe with any of the four Unit Telescopes (UTs) of the VLT at a spectral resolving power of 140 000 or 190 000 over the 378.2 to 788.7 nm wavelength range; it can also observe with all four UTs together, turning the VLT into a 16 m diameter equivalent telescope in terms of collecting area while still providing a resolving power of 70 000. Aims. We provide a general description of the ESPRESSO instrument, report on its on-sky performance, and present our Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) program along with its first results. Methods. ESPRESSO was installed on the Paranal Observatory in fall 2017. Commissioning (on-sky testing) was conducted between December 2017 and September 2018. The instrument saw its official start of operations on October 1, 2018, but improvements to the instrument and recommissioning runs were conducted until July 2019. Results. The measured overall optical throughput of ESPRESSO at 550 nm and a seeing of 0.65″ exceeds the 10% mark under nominal astroclimatic conditions. We demonstrate an RV precision of better than 25 cm s−1 during a single night and 50 cm s−1 over several months. These values being limited by photon noise and stellar jitter shows that the performance is compatible with an instrumental precision of 10 cm s−1. No difference has been measured across the UTs, neither in throughput nor RV precision. Conclusions. The combination of the large collecting telescope area with the efficiency and the exquisite spectral fidelity of ESPRESSO opens a new parameter space in RV measurements, the study of planetary atmospheres, fundamental constants, stellar characterization, and many other fields.
Acceso Abierto
ESPRESSO high-resolution transmission spectroscopy of WASP-76 b
(EDP Sciences, 2021-02-19) Tabernero, H. M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Allart, R.; Borsa, F.; Casasayas Barris, N.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Ehrenreich, D.; Lillo Box, J.; Lovis, C.; Pallé, E.; Sousa, S. G.; Rebolo, R.; Santos, Nuno C.; Pepe, Francesco; Cristiani, S.; Adibekyan, V.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alibert, Y.; Barros, S. C. C.; Bouchy, F.; Bourrier, V.; D´Odorico, V.; Dumusque, X.; Faria, J. P.; Figueira, P.; Genova Santos, R.; González Hernández, J. I.; Hojjatpanah, S.; Lo Curto, G.; Lavie, B.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Martins, J. H. C.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Molaro, P.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Poretti, E.; Seidel, J. V.; Sozzetti, A.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Udry, S.; Aliverti, M.; Affolter, M.; Alves, D.; Amate, M.; Ávila, G.; Bandy, T.; Benz, W.; Bianco, A.; Broeg, C.; Cabral, A.; Conconi, P.; Coelho, J.; Cumani, C.; Deiries, S.; Dekker, H.; Delabre, B.; Fragoso, A.; Genoni, M.; Genolet, L.; Hughes, I.; Knudstrup, J.; Kerber, F.; Landoni, M.; Lizon, Jean Louis; Maire, C.; Manescau, A.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Mégevand, D.; Monteiro, M.; Moschetti, M.; Mueller, E.; Modigliani, A.; Oggioni, L.; Oliveira, António; Pariani, G.; Pasquini, L.; Rasilla, J. L.; Redaelli, E.; Riva, M.; Santana Tschudi, S.; Santin, P.; Santos, Pedro; Segovia, A.; Sosnowska, D.; Spanò, P.; Tenegi, F.; Iwert, O.; Zanutta, A.; Zerbi, Filippo M.; European Research Council (ERC); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X]; Monteiro, M. J. [0000-0003-0513-8116]; Coelho, F. M. [0000-0002-4339-0550]; Faria, J. [0000-0002-6728-244X]; Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919]
Aims. We report on ESPRESSO high-resolution transmission spectroscopic observations of two primary transits of the highly irradiated, ultra-hot Jupiter-sized planet, WASP-76b. We investigated the presence of several key atomic and molecular features of interest that may reveal the atmospheric properties of the planet. Methods. We extracted two transmission spectra of WASP-76b with R ≈ 140 000 using a procedure that allowed us to process the full ESPRESSO wavelength range (3800–7880 Å) simultaneously. We observed that at a high signal-to-noise ratio, the continuum of ESPRESSO spectra shows ‘wiggles’, which are likely caused by an interference pattern outside the spectrograph. To search for the planetary features, we visually analysed the extracted transmission spectra and cross-correlated the observations against theoretical spectra of different atomic and molecular species. Results. The following atomic features are detected: Li I, Na I, Mg I, Ca II, Mn I, K I, and Fe I. All are detected with a confidence level between 9.2 σ (Na I) and 2.8 σ (Mg I). We did not detect the following species: Ti I, Cr I, Ni I, TiO, VO, and ZrO. We impose the following 1 σ upper limits on their detectability: 60, 77, 122, 6, 8, and 8 ppm, respectively. Conclusions. We report the detection of Li I on WASP-76b for the first time. In addition, we confirm the presence of Na I and Fe I as previously reported in the literature. We show that the procedure employed in this work can detect features down to the level of ~0.1% in the transmission spectrum and ~10 ppm by means of a cross-correlation method. We discuss the presence of neutral and singly ionised features in the atmosphere of WASP-76b.
Acceso Abierto
ESPRESSO highlights the binary nature of the ultra-metal-poor giant HE 0107−5240.
(EDP Sciences, 2020-01-22) Bonifacio, P.; Molaro, P.; Adibekyan, V.; Aguado, D.; Alibert, Y.; Allende Prieto, C.; Caffau, E.; Cristiani, S.; Cupani, G.; Di Marcantonio, P.; D´Odorico, V.; Ehrenreich, D.; Figueira, P.; Genova, R.; González Hernández, J. I.; Lo Curto, G.; Lovis, C.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Monaco, L.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Pepe, Francesco; Poretti, E.; Rebolo, R.; Santos, Nuno C.; Saviane, I.; Sousa, S. G.; Sozzetti, A.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Udry, S.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); European Research Council (ERC); European Research Council (ERC); Molaro, P. [0000-0002-0571-4163]; Monaco, L. [0000-0002-3148-9836]; Nunes, N. J. [0000-0002-3837-6914]; Suarez Mascareño, A. [0000-0002-3814-5323]; Aguado, D. [0000-0001-5200-3973]; González Hernández, J. I. [0000-0002-0264-7356]; Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199]; Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852]; Figueira, P. [0000-0001-8504-283X]; Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X]; Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919]; Cupani, G. [0000-0002-6830-9093]; Martins, C. J. A. P. [0000-0002-4886-9261]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Context. The vast majority of the known stars of ultra low metallicity ([Fe/H] < −4.5) are known to be enhanced in carbon, and belong to the “low-carbon band” (A(C) = log(C/H)+12 ≤ 7.6). It is generally, although not universally, accepted that this peculiar chemical composition reflects the chemical composition of the gas cloud out of which these stars were formed. The first ultra-metal-poor star discovered, HE 0107−5240, is also enhanced in carbon and belongs to the “low-carbon band”. It has recently been claimed to be a long-period binary, based on radial velocity measurements. It has also been claimed that this binarity may explain its peculiar composition as being due to mass transfer from a former AGB companion. Theoretically, low-mass ratios in binary systems are much more favoured amongst Pop III stars than they are amongst solar-metallicity stars. Any constraint on the mass ratio of a system of such low metallicity would shed light on the star formation mechanisms in this metallicity regime. Aims. We acquired one high precision spectrum with ESPRESSO in order to check the reality of the radial velocity variations. In addition we analysed all the spectra of this star in the ESO archive obtained with UVES to have a set of homogenously measured radial velocities. Methods. The radial velocities were measured using cross correlation against a synthetic spectrum template. Due to the weakness of metallic lines in this star, the signal comes only from the CH molecular lines of the G-band. Results. The measurement obtained in 2018 from an ESPRESSO spectrum demonstrates unambiguously that the radial velocity of HE 0107−5240 has increased from 2001 to 2018. Closer inspection of the measurements based on UVES spectra in the interval 2001–2006 show that there is a 96% probability that the radial velocity correlates with time, hence the radial velocity variations can already be suspected from the UVES spectra alone. Conclusions. We confirm the earlier claims of radial velocity variations in HE 0107−5240. The simplest explanation of such variations is that the star is indeed in a binary system with a long period. The nature of the companion is unconstrained and we consider it is equally probable that it is an unevolved companion or a white dwarf. Continued monitoring of the radial velocities of this star is strongly encouraged.
Acceso Abierto
Fundamental physics with ESPRESSO: Towards an accurate wavelength calibration for a precision test of the fine-structure constant
(EDP Sciences, 2021-02-19) Schmidt, T. M.; Molaro, P.; Murphy, M. T.; Lovis, C.; Cupani, G.; Cristiani, S.; Pepe, Francesco; Rebolo, R.; Santos, Nuno C.; Abreu, M.; Adibekyan, V.; Alibert, Y.; Aliverti, M.; Allart, R.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alves, D.; Baldini, V.; Broeg, C.; Cabral, A.; Calderone, G.; Cirami, R.; Coelho, J.; Coretti, I.; D´Odorico, V.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Ehrenreich, D.; Figueira, P.; Genoni, M.; Génova Santos, R.; González Hernández, J. I.; Kerber, F.; Londoni, M.; Leite, A. C. O.; Louis Lizon, J.; Lo Curto, G.; Manescau, A.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Modigliani, A.; Monteiro, M.; Monteiro, M. J. P. F. G.; Mueller, E.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Oggioni, L.; Oliveira, António; Pariani, G.; Pasquini, L.; Redaelli, E.; Riva, M.; Santos, Pedro; Sosnowska, D.; Sousa, S. G.; Sozzetti, A.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Udry, S.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Zerbi, Filippo M.; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Australian Research Council (ARC); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); European Research Council (ERC); Schmidt, T. M. [0000-0002-4833-7273]; Molaro, P. [0000-0002-0571-4163]; Murphy, M. T. [0000-0002-7040-5498]; Cristiani, S. [0000-0002-2115-5234]; Pepe, F. A. [0000-0002-9815-773X]; Rebolo, R. [0000-0003-3767-7085]
Observations of metal absorption systems in the spectra of distant quasars allow one to constrain a possible variation of the fine-structure constant throughout the history of the Universe. Such a test poses utmost demands on the wavelength accuracy and previous studies were limited by systematics in the spectrograph wavelength calibration. A substantial advance in the field is therefore expected from the new ultra-stable high-resolution spectrograph ESPRESSO, which was recently installed at the VLT. In preparation of the fundamental physics related part of the ESPRESSO GTO program, we present a thorough assessment of the ESPRESSO wavelength accuracy and identify possible systematics at each of the different steps involved in the wavelength calibration process. Most importantly, we compare the default wavelength solution, which is based on the combination of Thorium-Argon arc lamp spectra and a Fabry-Pérot interferometer, to the fully independent calibration obtained from a laser frequency comb. We find wavelength-dependent discrepancies of up to 24 m s−1. This substantially exceeds the photon noise and highlights the presence of different sources of systematics, which we characterize in detail as part of this study. Nevertheless, our study demonstrates the outstanding accuracy of ESPRESSO with respect to previously used spectrographs and we show that constraints of a relative change of the fine-structure constant at the 10−6 level can be obtained with ESPRESSO without being limited by wavelength calibration systematics.
Acceso Abierto
HD 213885b: a transiting 1-d-period super-Earth with an Earth-like composition around a bright (V = 7.9) star unveiled by TESS .
(Oxford Academics: Blackwell Publishing, 2020-01-15) Espinoza, N.; Brahm, R.; Henning, T.; Jordán, A.; Dorn, C.; Rojas, F.; Sarkis, P.; Kossakowski, D.; Schlecker, M.; Díaz, M. R.; Jenkins, J. S.; Aguilera Gómez, C.; Jenkins, J. M.; Twicken, J. D.; Collins, K. A.; Lissauer, J. J.; Armstrong, D. J.; Adibekyan, V.; Barrado, D.; Barros, S. C. C.; Battley, M.; Bayliss, D.; Bouchy, F.; Bryant, E. M.; Cooke, B. F.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Dumusque, X.; Figueira, P.; Giles, H.; Lillo Box, J.; Lovis, C.; Nielsen, L. D.; Pepe, Francesco; Pollacco, D.; Santos, Nuno C.; Sousa, S. G.; Udry, S.; Wheatley, Peter; Turner, O.; Marmier, M.; Ségransan, D.; Ricker, George; Latham, D.; Seager, S.; Winn, J. N.; Kielkopf, J. F.; Hart, R.; Wingham, G.; Jensen, E. L. N.; Helminiak, K. G.; Tokovinin, A.; Briceño, C.; Ziegler, C.; Law, N. M.; Mann, A. W.; Daylan, T.; Doty, J. P.; Guerrero, N.; Boyd, P.; Crossfield, I.; Morris, Robert L.; Henze, C. E.; Dean Chacon, A.; Gómez, Felipe; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT); Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); National Science Centre, Poland (NCN); Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS); Barrado, D. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5971-9242]; Lillo Box, J. [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3742-1987]; Díaz, M. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2100-3257]; Wheatley, P. [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1452-2240]; Nielsen, L. D. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5254-2499]; Figueira, P. [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-283X]; Jenssen, E. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4625-7333]; Barros, S. [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2434-3625]; Espinoza Pérez, N. [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-1449]; Armstrong, D. J. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-4117]; Bayliss, D. [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6023-1335]; Turner, O. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-2796]; Sousa, S. G. [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9047-2965]; Kielpof, J. F. [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0497-2651]
We report the discovery of the 1.008-d, ultrashort period (USP) super-EarthHD213885b (TOI141b) orbiting the bright (V= 7.9) star HD 213885 (TOI-141, TIC 403224672), detected using photometry from the recently launched TESS mission. Using FEROS, HARPS, and CORALIE radial velocities, we measure a precise mass of 8.8 +/- 0.6M. for this 1.74 +/- 0.05 R. exoplanet, which provides enough information to constrain its bulk composition - similar to Earth's but enriched in iron. The radius, mass, and stellar irradiation of HD 213885b are, given our data, very similar to 55 Cancri e, making this exoplanet a good target to perform comparative exoplanetology of short period, highly irradiated super-Earths. Our precise radial velocities reveal an additional 4.78-d signal which we interpret as arising from a second, non-transiting planet in the system, HD 213885c, whoseminimum mass of 19.9 +/- 1.4M. makes it consistent with being a Neptune-mass exoplanet. The HD 213885 system is very interesting from the perspective of future atmospheric characterization, being the second brightest star to host an USP transiting super-Earth (with the brightest star being, in fact, 55 Cancri). Prospects for characterization with present and future observatories are discussed.
Acceso Abierto
K2-111: an old system with two planets in near-resonance.
(Oxford Academics: Blackwell Publishing, 2020-10-27) Mortier, A.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Malavolta, L.; Alibert, Y.; Rice, K.; Lillo Box, J.; Vanderburg, A.; Oshagh, M.; Buchhave, L. A.; Adibekyan, V.; Delgado Mena, E.; López Morales, M.; Charbonneau, D.; Sousa, S. G.; Lovis, C.; After, L.; Allende Prieto, C.; Barros, S. C. C.; Benatti, S.; Bonomo, A. S.; Boschin, W.; Bouchy, F.; Cabral, A.; Collier Cameron, A.; Cosentino, R.; Cristiani, S.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Di Marcantonio, P.; D´Odorico, V.; Dumusque, X.; Ehrenreich, D.; Figueira, P.; Fiorenzano, A. F. M.; Ghedina, A.; González Hernández, J. I.; Haldemann, J.; Harutyunyan, A.; Haywood, R. D.; Latham, D. W.; Lavie, B.; Lo Curto, G.; Maldonado, J.; Menescau, A.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mayor, M.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Molaro, P.; Molinari, E.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Pepe, Francesco; Pallé, E.; Phillips, D.; Piotto, G.; Pinamonti, M.; Poretti, E.; Rivas, M.; Rebolo, R.; Santos, Nuno C.; Sasselov, D.; Sozzetti, A.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Udry, S.; West, R. G.; Watson, C. A.; Wilson, T. G.; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); European Research Council (ERC); 0000-0002-9433-871X; 0000-0002-3814-5323; 0000-0002-0571-4163; 0000-0003-4434-2195; 0000-0003-1605-5666; 0000-0001-7246-5438; 0000-0003-2434-3625; 0000-0003-1231-2389; 0000-0003-1784-1431; 0000-0002-7504-365X; 0000-0002-0601-6199; 0000-0001-8749-1962; 0000-0002-8863-7828; 0000-0003-4422-2919; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
This paper reports on the detailed characterization of the K2-111 planetary system with K2, WASP, and ASAS-SN photometry, as well as high-resolution spectroscopic data from HARPS-N and ESPRESSO. The host, K2-111, is confirmed to be a mildly evolved (log g = 4.17), iron-poor ([Fe/H]=-0.46), but alpha-enhanced ([alpha/Fe]=0.27), chromospherically quiet, very old thick disc G2 star. A global fit, performed by using PyORBIT, shows that the transiting planet, K2-111 b, orbits with a period P-b = 5.3518 +/- 0.0004 d and has a planet radius of 1.82(-0.09)(+0.11) R-circle plus and a mass of 5.29(-0.77)(+0.76) M-circle plus, resulting in a bulk density slightly lower than that of the Earth. The stellar chemical composition and the planet properties are consistent with K2-111 b being a terrestrial planet with an iron core mass fraction lower than the Earth. We announce the existence of a second signal in the radial velocity data that we attribute to a non-transiting planet, K2-111 c, with an orbital period of 15.6785 +/- 0.0064 d, orbiting in near-3:1 mean motion resonance with the transiting planet, and a minimum planet mass of 11.3 +/- 1.1M(circle plus). Both planet signals are independently detected in the HARPS-N and ESPRESSO data when fitted separately. There are potentially more planets in this resonant system, but more well-sampled data are required to confirm their presence and physical parameters.
Acceso Abierto
Masses for the seven planets in K2-32 and K2-233 Four diverse planets in resonant chain and the first young rocky worlds
(EDP Sciences, 2020-08-11) Lillo Box, J.; López, Théo A.; Santerne, A.; Nielsen, L. D.; Barros, S. C. C.; Deleuil, M.; Acuña, L.; Mousis, O.; Sousa, S. G.; Adibekyan, V.; Armstrong, D. J.; Barrado, D.; Bayliss, D.; Brown, D. J. A.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Dumusque, X.; Figueira, P.; Hojjatpanah, S.; Osborn, Hugh P.; Santos, Nuno C.; Udry, S.; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987]; López, T. [0000-0001-6622-1250]; Santerne, A. [0000-0002-3586-1316]; Barros, S. [0000-0003-2434-3625]; Deleuil, M. [0000-0001-6036-0225]; Sousa, S. G. [0000-0001-9047-2965]; Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199]; Armstrong, D. J. [0000-0002-5080-4117]; Barrado, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242]; Bayliss, D. [0000-0001-6023-1335]; Brown, D. J. A. [0000-0003-1098-2442]; Demangeon, O. D. S. [0000-0001-7918-0355]; Dumusque, X. [0000-0002-9332-2011]; Figueira, P. [0000-0001-8504-283X]; Hojjatpanah, S. [0000-0002-0417-1902]; Osborn, H. [0000-0002-4047-4724]; Santos, N. C. [0000-0003-4422-2919]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Context. High-precision planetary densities are key pieces of information necessary to derive robust atmospheric properties for extrasolar planets. Measuring precise masses is the most challenging part of this task, especially in multi-planetary systems. The ESO-K2 collaboration focuses on the follow-up of a selection of multi-planetary systems detected by the K2 mission using the HARPS instrument with this goal in mind. Aims. In this work, we measure the masses and densities of two multi-planetary systems: a four-planet near resonant chain system (K2-32) and a young (~400 Myr old) planetary system consisting of three close-in small planets (K2-233). Methods. We obtained 199 new HARPS observations for K2-32 and 124 for K2-233 covering a long baseline of more than three years. We performed a joint analysis of the radial velocities and K2 photometry with PASTIS to precisely measure and constrained the properties of these planets, focusing on their masses and orbital properties. Results. We find that K2-32 is a compact scaled-down version of the Solar System’s architecture, with a small rocky inner planet (Me = 2.1−1.1+1.3 M⊕, Pe ~ 4.35 days) followed by an inflated Neptune-mass planet (Mb = 15.0−1.7+1.8 M⊕, Pb ~ 8.99 days) and two external sub-Neptunes (Mc = 8.1 ± 2.4 M⊕, Pc ~ 20.66 days; Md = 6.7 ± 2.5 M⊕, Pd ~ 31.72 days). K2-32 becomes one of the few multi-planetary systems with four or more planets known where all have measured masses and radii. Additionally, we constrain the masses of the three planets in the K2-233 system through marginal detection of their induced radial velocity variations. For the two inner Earth-size planets we constrain their masses at a 95% confidence level to be smaller than Mb < 11.3 M⊕ (Pb ~ 2.47 days), Mc < 12.8 M⊕ (Pc ~ 7.06 days). The outer planet is a sub-Neptune size planet with an inferred mass of Md = 8.3−4.7+5.2 M⊕ (Md < 21.1 M⊕, Pd ~ 24.36 days). Conclusions. Our observations of these two planetary systems confirm for the first time the rocky nature of two planets orbiting a young star, with relatively short orbital periods (<7 days). They provide key information for planet formation and evolution models of telluric planets. Additionally, the Neptune-like derived masses of the three planets, K2-32 b, c, d, puts them in a relatively unexplored regime of incident flux and planet mass, which is key for transmission spectroscopy studies in the near future.
Restringido
Nightside condensation of iron in an ultrahot giant exoplanet
(Nature Research Journals, 2020-03-11) Ehrenreich, D.; Lovis, C.; Allart, R.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Pepe, Francesco; Cristiani, S.; Rebolo, R.; Santos, Nuno C.; Borsa, F.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Dumusque, X.; González Hernández, J. I.; Casasayas Barris, N.; Séngrasan, D.; Sousa, S. G.; Abreu, M.; Adibekyan, V.; Affolter, M.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alibert, Y.; Aliverti, M.; Alves, D.; Amate, M.; Ávila, G.; Baldini, V.; Bandy, T.; Benz, W.; Bianco, A.; Bolmont, É.; Bouchy, F.; Bourrier, V.; Broeg, C.; Cabral, A.; Calderone, G.; Pallé, E.; Cegla, H. M.; Cirami, R.; Coelho, João M. P.; Conconi, P.; Coretti, I.; Cumani, C.; Cupani, G.; Dekker, H.; Delabre, B.; Deiries, S.; D´Odorico, V.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Figueira, P.; Fragoso, A.; Genolet, L.; Genoni, M.; Génova Santos, R.; Harada, N.; Hughes, I.; Iwert, O.; Kerber, F.; Knudstrup, J.; Landoni, M.; Lavie, B.; Lizon, Jean Louis; Lendl, M.; Lo Curto, G.; Maire, C.; Manescau, A.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Modigliani, A.; Molaro, P.; Monteiro, M.; Monteiro, M. A.; Moschetti, M.; Muller, N.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Oggioni, L.; Oliveira, António; Pariani, G.; Pasquini, L.; Poretti, E.; Rasilla, J. L.; Redaelli, E.; Riva, M.; Santana Tschudi, S.; Santin, P.; Santos, Pedro; Segovia Milla, A.; Seidel, J. V.; Sosnowska, D.; Sozzetti, A.; Spanò, P.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Tabernero, H. M.; Tenegi, F.; Udry, S.; Zanutta, A.; Zerbi, Filippo M.; European Research Council (ERC); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Suárez Mascareño, A. [0000-0002-3814-5323]; Abreu, M. [0000-0002-0716-9568]; João M. P. Coelho. [0000-0002-4339-0550]; Monteiro, M. J. [0000-0003-0513-8116]; Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298]; Nunes, N. J. [0000-0002-3837-6914]; Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X]; Molaro, P. [0000-0002-0571-4163]; Redaelli, E. M. A. [0000-0001-8185-2122]; Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852]; Castro Alves, D. [0000-0001-7026-2514]; Seidel, J. V. [0000-0002-7990-9596]; Martins, C. J. A. P. [0000-0002-4886-9261]; Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199]; Zerbi, F. M. [0000-0002-9996-973X]; Monteiro, M. [0000-0001-5644-0898]; Mehner, A. [0000-0002-9564-3302]; Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919]; Cegla, H. [0000-0001-8934-7315]; Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X]; Allart, R. [0000-0002-1199-9759]; Landoni, M. [0000-0001-5570-5081]; Coretti, I. [0000-0001-9374-3249]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Ultrahot giant exoplanets receive thousands of times Earth’s insolation1,2. Their high-temperature atmospheres (greater than 2,000 kelvin) are ideal laboratories for studying extreme planetary climates and chemistry3,4,5. Daysides are predicted to be cloud-free, dominated by atomic species6 and much hotter than nightsides5,7,8. Atoms are expected to recombine into molecules over the nightside9, resulting in different day and night chemistries. Although metallic elements and a large temperature contrast have been observed10,11,12,13,14, no chemical gradient has been measured across the surface of such an exoplanet. Different atmospheric chemistry between the day-to-night (‘evening’) and night-to-day (‘morning’) terminators could, however, be revealed as an asymmetric absorption signature during transit4,7,15. Here we report the detection of an asymmetric atmospheric signature in the ultrahot exoplanet WASP-76b. We spectrally and temporally resolve this signature using a combination of high-dispersion spectroscopy with a large photon-collecting area. The absorption signal, attributed to neutral iron, is blueshifted by −11 ± 0.7 kilometres per second on the trailing limb, which can be explained by a combination of planetary rotation and wind blowing from the hot dayside16. In contrast, no signal arises from the nightside close to the morning terminator, showing that atomic iron is not absorbing starlight there. We conclude that iron must therefore condense during its journey across the nightside.
Acceso Abierto
Planetary system LHS 1140 revisited with ESPRESSO and TESS
(EDP Sciences, 2020-10-15) Lillo Box, J.; Figueira, P.; Leleu, A.; Acuña, L.; Faria, J. P.; Harada, N.; Santos, Nuno C.; Correia, A. C. M.; Robutel, P.; Deleuil, M.; Barrado, D.; Sousa, S. G.; Bonfils, X.; Mousis, O.; Almenara, J. M.; Astudillo Defru, N.; Marcq, E.; Udry, S.; Lovis, C.; Pepe, Francesco; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT); European Commission (EC); Faria, J. [0000-0002-6728-244X]; Correia, A. C. M. [0000-0002-8946-8579]; Leleu, A. [0000-0003-2051-7974]; Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987]; Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Context. LHS 1140 is an M dwarf known to host two transiting planets at orbital periods of 3.77 and 24.7 days. They were detected with HARPS and Spitzer. The external planet (LHS 1140 b) is a rocky super-Earth that is located in the middle of the habitable zone of this low-mass star. All these properties place this system at the forefront of the habitable exoplanet exploration, and it therefore constitutes a relevant case for further astrobiological studies, including atmospheric observations. Aims. We further characterize this system by improving the physical and orbital properties of the known planets, search for additional planetary-mass components in the system, and explore the possibility of co-orbitals. Methods. We collected 113 new high-precision radial velocity observations with ESPRESSO over a 1.5-yr time span with an average photon-noise precision of 1.07 m s−1. We performed an extensive analysis of the HARPS and ESPRESSO datasets and also analyzed them together with the new TESS photometry. We analyzed the Bayesian evidence of several models with different numbers of planets and orbital configurations. Results. We significantly improve our knowledge of the properties of the known planets LHS 1140 b (Pb ~ 24.7 days) and LHS 1140 c (Pc ~ 3.77 days). We determine new masses with a precision of 6% for LHS 1140 b (6.48 ± 0.46 M⊕) and 9% for LHS 1140 c (mc = 1.78 ± 0.17 M⊕). This reduces the uncertainties relative to previously published values by half. Although both planets have Earth-like bulk compositions, the internal structure analysis suggests that LHS 1140 b might be iron-enriched and LHS 1140 c might be a true Earth twin. In both cases, the water content is compatible to a maximum fraction of 10–12% in mass, which is equivalent to a deep ocean layer of 779 ± 650 km for the habitable-zone planet LHS 1140 b. Our results also provide evidence for a new planet candidate in the system (md = 4.8 ± 1.1M⊕) on a 78.9-day orbital period, which is detected through three independent methods. The analysis also allows us to discard other planets above 0.5 M⊕ for periods shorter than 10 days and above 2 M⊕ for periods up to one year. Finally, our co-orbital analysis discards co-orbital planets in the tadpole and horseshoe configurations of LHS 1140 b down to 1 M⊕ with a 95% confidence level (twice better than with the previous HARPS dataset). Indications for a possible co-orbital signal in LHS 1140 c are detected in both radial velocity (alternatively explained by a high eccentricity) and photometric data (alternatively explained by systematics), however. Conclusions. The new precise measurements of the planet properties of the two transiting planets in LHS 1140 as well as the detection of the planet candidate LHS 1140 d make this system a key target for atmospheric studies of rocky worlds at different stellar irradiations.
Acceso Abierto
Revisiting Proxima with ESPRESSO
(EDP Sciences, 2020-07-13) Suárez Mascareño, A.; Faria, J. P.; Figueira, P.; Lovis, C.; Damasso, M.; González Hernández, J. I.; Rebolo, R.; Cristiani, S.; Pepe, Francesco; Santos, Nuno C.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Adibekyan, V.; Hojjatpanah, S.; Sozzetti, A.; Murgas Alcaino, F.; Abreu, M.; Affolter, M.; Alibert, Y.; Aliverti, M.; Allart, R.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alves, D.; Amate, M.; Ávila, G.; Baldini, V.; Bandi, T.; Barros, S. C. C.; Bianco, A.; Benz, W.; Bouchy, F.; Broeg, C.; Cabral, A.; Calderone, G.; Cirami, R.; Coelho, J.; Conconi, P.; Coretti, I.; Cumani, C.; Cupani, G.; D´Odorico, V.; Deiries, S.; Delabre, B.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Dumusque, X.; Ehrenreich, D.; Fragoso, A.; Genolet, L.; Genoni, M.; Génova Santos, R.; Hughes, I.; Iwert, O.; Kerber, F.; Knudstrup, J.; Landoni, M.; Lavie, B.; Lillo Box, J.; Lizon, Jean Louis; Lo Curto, G.; Maire, C.; Manescau, A.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Modigliani, A.; Molaro, P.; Monteiro, M. A.; Monteiro, M. J. P. F. G.; Moschetti, M.; Mueller, E.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Oggioni, L.; Oliveira, António; Pallé, E.; Pariani, G.; Pasquini, L.; Poretti, E.; Rasilla, J. L.; Redaelli, E.; Riva, M.; Santana Tschudi, S.; Santin, P.; Santos, Pedro; Segovia, A.; Sosnowska, D.; Sousa, S. G.; Spanò, P.; Tenegi, F.; Udry, S.; Zanutta, A.; Zerbi, Filippo M.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); European Research Council (ERC); Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987]; Faria, J. [0000-0002-6728-244X]; Nunes, N. J. [0000-0002-3837-6914]; Molaro, P. [0000-0002-0571-4163]; Mascareño, A. S. [0000-0002-3814-5323]; Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X]; Monteiro, M. J. P. F. G. [0000-0003-0513-8116]; Redaelli, E. M. A. [0000-0001-8185-2122]; Barros, S. [0000-0003-2434-3625]; Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919]; Abreu, M. [0000-0002-0716-9568]; Coretti, I. [0000-0001-9374-3249]; Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X]; Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199]; Monteiro, M. [0000-0001-5644-0898]; Damasso, M. [0000-0001-9984-4278]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Context. The discovery of Proxima b marked one of the most important milestones in exoplanetary science in recent years. Yet the limited precision of the available radial velocity data and the difficulty in modelling the stellar activity calls for a confirmation of the Earth-mass planet. Aims. We aim to confirm the presence of Proxima b using independent measurements obtained with the new ESPRESSO spectrograph, and refine the planetary parameters taking advantage of its improved precision. Methods. We analysed 63 spectroscopic ESPRESSO observations of Proxima (Gl 551) taken during 2019. We obtained radial velocity measurements with a typical radial velocity photon noise of 26 cm s−1. We combined these data with archival spectroscopic observations and newly obtained photometric measurements to model the stellar activity signals and disentangle them from planetary signals in the radial velocity (RV) data. We ran a joint Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis on the time series of the RV and full width half maximum of the cross-correlation function to model the planetary and stellar signals present in the data, applying Gaussian process regression to deal with the stellar activity signals. Results. We confirm the presence of Proxima b independently in the ESPRESSO data and in the combined ESPRESSO+ HARPS+UVES dataset. The ESPRESSO data on its own shows Proxima b at a period of 11.218 ± 0.029 days, with a minimum mass of 1.29 ± 0.13 M⊕. In the combined dataset we measure a period of 11.18427 ± 0.00070 days with a minimum mass of 1.173 ± 0.086 M⊕. We get a clear measurement of the stellar rotation period (87 ± 12 d) and its induced RV signal, but no evidence of stellar activity as a potential cause for the 11.2 days signal. We find some evidence for the presence of a second short-period signal, at 5.15 days with a semi-amplitude of only 40 cm s−1. If caused by a planetary companion, it would correspond to a minimum mass of 0.29 ± 0.08 M⊕. We find that forthe case of Proxima, the full width half maximum of the cross-correlation function can be used as a proxy for the brightness changes and that its gradient with time can be used to successfully detrend the RV data from part of the influence of stellar activity. The activity-induced RV signal in the ESPRESSO data shows a trend in amplitude towards redder wavelengths. Velocities measured using the red end of the spectrograph are less affected by activity, suggesting that the stellar activity is spot dominated. This could be used to create differential RVs that are activity dominated and can be used to disentangle activity-induced and planetary-induced signals. The data collected excludes the presence of extra companions with masses above 0.6 M⊕ at periods shorter than 50 days.
Acceso Abierto
Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178
(EDP Sciences, 2021-05-06) Leleu, A.; Alibert, Y.; Hara, N. C.; Hooton, M. J.; Wilson, T. G.; Robutel, P.; Delisle, J. B.; Laskar, J.; Hoyer, S.; Lovis, C.; Bryant, E. M.; Angerhausen, D.; Simon, A. E.; Beck, T.; Sousa, S. G.; Futyan, D.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Ehrenreich, D.; Erikson, A.; Figueira, P.; Acton, J. S.; Haldemann, J.; Thomas, N.; Boué, G.; Tilbrook, R. H.; Isaak, K.; Fridlund, M.; Gandolfi, D.; García Muñoz, Antonio; García, L. J.; Verrecchia, F.; Bárczy, T.; Charnoz, S.; Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Guillon, M.; Goad, M. R.; González Hernández, J. I.; Guedel, M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Heng, K.; Jehin, E.; Jenkins, J. S.; Jordán, A.; Kiss, L.; Anderson, D. R.; Murray, C. A.; Anglada Escudé, G.; Fortier, A.; Barrado, D.; Osborn, Hugh P.; Lam, K.; Lendl, M.; Lillo Box, J.; Lo Curto, G.; Corral Van Damme, C.; Bekkelien, A.; Gill, S.; Billot, N.; Piotto, G.; Maxted, P. F. L.; McCormac, J.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Brandeker, A.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Rando, N.; Oshagh, M.; Ottensamer, R.; Pagano, I.; Pallé, E.; Cameron, A. C.; Persson, Carina; Polenta, G.; Pollacco, D.; Poretti, E.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Sestovic, M.; Demory, B. O.; Magrin, D.; Di Persio, G.; Sozzetti, A.; Ragazzoni, R.; Ratti, F.; Rauer, H.; Raynard, L.; Fossati, L.; Molaro, P.; Nascimbeni, V.; Triaud, A.; Ribas, I.; Santos, Nuno C.; Scandariato, G.; Schneider, J.; Gillen, E.; Smith, A. M. S.; Steller, M.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Szabó, Gy. M.; Ségransan, D.; Günther, M. N.; Ducrot, E.; Henderson, B.; Pozuelos, F. J.; Hogan, A. E.; Adibekyan, V.; Thompson, S.; Turner, O.; Udry, S.; Van Grootel, V.; Olofsson, G.; Kristiansen, M. H.; Rebolo, R.; Lavie, B.; Barros, S. C. C.; Vines, J. I.; Walton, N. A.; West, R. G.; Wheatley, Peter; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Delrez, L.; Bonfanti, A.; Allart, R.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alonso, R.; Alves, D.; Moyaro, M.; Asquier, J.; Baumjohann, W.; Bayliss, D.; Beck, M.; Pedersen, P. P.; Chamberlain, S.; Pepe, Francesco; Venus, H.; Peter, G.; Correia, A. C. M.; Benz, W.; Bonfils, X.; Bouchy, F.; Bourrier, V.; Queloz, D.; Wolter, D.; Cabrera, J.; Dumusque, X.; Broeg, C.; Buder, M.; Burdanov, A.; Burleigh, M. R.; Reimers, C.; Cooke, B. F.; Cristiani, S.; Damasso, M.; Davies, M. B.; Deleuil, M.; Sebastian, D.; Alvarez, M. [0000-0002-6786-2620]; Carrasco Martínez, J. M. [0000-0002-3029-5853]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
Determining the architecture of multi-planetary systems is one of the cornerstones of understanding planet formation and evolution. Resonant systems are especially important as the fragility of their orbital configuration ensures that no significant scattering or collisional event has taken place since the earliest formation phase when the parent protoplanetary disc was still present. In this context, TOI-178 has been the subject of particular attention since the first TESS observations hinted at the possible presence of a near 2:3:3 resonant chain. Here we report the results of observations from CHEOPS, ESPRESSO, NGTS, and SPECULOOS with the aim of deciphering the peculiar orbital architecture of the system. We show that TOI-178 harbours at least six planets in the super-Earth to mini-Neptune regimes, with radii ranging from 1.152−0.070+0.073 to 2.87−0.13+0.14 Earth radii and periods of 1.91, 3.24, 6.56, 9.96, 15.23, and 20.71 days. All planets but the innermost one form a 2:4:6:9:12 chain of Laplace resonances, and the planetary densities show important variations from planet to planet, jumping from 1.02−0.23+0.28 to 0.177−0.061+0.055 times the Earth’s density between planets c and d. Using Bayesian interior structure retrieval models, we show that the amount of gas in the planets does not vary in a monotonous way, contrary to what one would expect from simple formation and evolution models and unlike other known systems in a chain of Laplace resonances. The brightness of TOI-178 (H = 8.76 mag, J = 9.37 mag, V = 11.95 mag) allows for a precise characterisation of its orbital architecture as well as of the physical nature of the six presently known transiting planets it harbours. The peculiar orbital configuration and the diversity in average density among the planets in the system will enable the study of interior planetary structures and atmospheric evolution, providing important clues on the formation of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes.
Acceso Abierto
The atmosphere of HD 209458b seen with ESPRESSO No detectable planetary absorptions at high resolution
(EDP Sciences, 2021-03-02) Casasayas Barris, N.; Pallé, E.; Strangret, M.; Bourrier, V.; Tabernero, H. M.; Yan, F.; Borsa, F.; Allart, R.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Lovis, C.; Sousa, S. G.; Chen, G.; Oshagh, M.; Santos, Nuno C.; Pepe, Francesco; Rebolo, R.; Molaro, P.; Cristiani, S.; Adibekyan, V.; Alibert, Y.; Allende Prieto, C.; Bouchy, F.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; Di Marcantonio, P.; D´Odorico, V.; Ehrenreich, D.; Figueira, P.; Génova Santos, R.; González Hernández, J. I.; Lavie, B.; Lillo Box, J.; Lo Curto, G.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Nunes, Nelson J.; Poretti, E.; Sozzetti, A.; Suárez Mascareño, A.; Udry, S.; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); European Research Council (ERC); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Yan, F. [0000-0001-9585-9034]; Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X]; Nunes, N. [0000-0002-3837-6914]; Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
We observed two transits of the iconic gas giant HD 209458b between 380 and 780 nm, using the high-resolution ESPRESSO spectrograph. The derived planetary transmission spectrum exhibits features at all wavelengths where the parent star shows strong absorption lines, for example, Na I, Mg I, Fe I, Fe II, Ca I, V I, Hα, and K I. We interpreted these features as the signature of the deformation of the stellar line profiles due to the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect, combined with the centre-to-limb effects on the stellar surface, which is in agreement with similar reports recently presented in the literature. We also searched for species that might be present in the planetary atmosphere but not in the stellar spectra, such as TiO and VO, and obtained a negative result. Thus, we find no evidence of any planetary absorption, including previously reported Na I, in the atmosphere of HD 209458b. The high signal-to-noise ratio in the transmission spectrum (~1700 at 590 nm) allows us to compare the modelled deformation of the stellar lines in assuming different one-dimensional stellar atmospheric models. We conclude that the differences among various models and observations remain within the precision limits of the data. However, the transmission light curves are better explained when the centre-to-limb variation is not included in the computation and only the Rossiter-McLaughlin deformation is considered. This demonstrates that ESPRESSO is currently the best facility for spatially resolving the stellar surface spectrum in the optical range using transit observations and carrying out empirical validations of stellar models.
Acceso Abierto
The EChO science case
(Springer Link, 2015-11-29) Tinetti, G.; Drossart, P.; Eccleston, P.; Hartogh, P.; Isaak, K.; Linder, M.; Lovis, C.; Micela, G.; Olliver, M.; Puig, L.; Ribas, I.; Sicardy, B.; Kehoe, T.; Deeg, H.; Petrov, R.; Doel, P.; Tennyson, J.; Filacchione, G.; Varley, R.; Temple, J.; Lahav, O.; MacTavish, C.; Wisniowski, T.; Piccioni, G.; Guàrdia, J.; Cavarroc, C.; Jones, G.; Ade, P.; Sanromá, E.; Frith, J.; Lognonné, P.; Pantin, E.; Crook, J.; Colomé, J.; Allard, F.; Azzollini, R.; Burston, R.; Parviainen, H.; Malaguti, G.; Gerard, J. C.; Stamper, R.; Barrado, D.; Maldonado, J.; Morales, J. C.; Yurchenko, S. N.; Lagage, P. O.; Prinja, R.; Koskinen, T.; Waldmann, I.; Venot, O.; Heiter, U.; Lim, T.; Pace, E.; Moya Bedon, A.; Irwin, P.; Michaut, C.; Monteiro, M.; Jones, H.; Wawer, P.; Fouqué, P.; Widemann, T.; Alonso Floriano, F. J.; Eiroa, C.; Savini, G.; Stixrude, L.; Damasso, M.; Rataj, M.; Glasse, A.; Koskinen, T.; Bulgarelli, A.; Ciaravella, A.; Hollis, M.; Schmider, F. X.; Kerschbaum, F.; Licandro Goldaracena, J.; Claret, A.; Rocchetto, M.; López Valverde, Miguel Ángel; Fossey, S.; Leto, G.; Ramos Zapata, G.; Beaulieu, J. P.; Balado, A.; Luzzi, D.; Rebordao, J.; Encrenaz, T.; Adriani, A.; Alcala, J.; Guedel, M.; Morales Calderón, M.; Peña Ramírez, K. Y.; Herrero, Enrique; Focardi, M.; Montalto, M.; Wright, G.; Danielski, C.; Burleigh, M. R.; Medvedev, A.; Murgas Alcaino, F.; Chadney, J.; Bowles, N.; Maxted, Pierre; Kerschbaum, F.; Ward Thompson, D.; Laken, B.; Börne, P.; Christian Jessen, N.; Dominic, C.; López Morales, M.; Miles Paez, P.; Achilleos, N.; Biondi, D.; White, G.; Heredero, R. L.; De Kok, R.; Frith, J.; Grodent, D.; Rank Lüftinger, T.; Scholz, A.; Villaver, E.; Dobrijévic, M.; Alard, C.; Demangeon, O. D. S.; De Witt, J.; Machado, P.; Cordier, D.; Charnoz, S.; Rodler, F.; Gerard, J. C.; Sousa, S. G.; Viti, S.; Cole, R.; Blecka, M.; Barber, R. J.; Middleton, K.; Griffin, M.; Giro, E.; Cho, J.; Covino, E.; Turrini, D.; Moro Martín, A.; Decin, L.; Ramos, A. A.; Schrader, J. R.; Massi, F.; Abe, L.; Mauskopf, P.; Batista, V.; Agnor, C.; Bordé, P.; Fabrizio, N.; Bakos, G.; Rengel, M.; Gustin, J.; Hueso, R.; Fernández Hernández, Maite; Ray, T.; Claudi, R.; Femenía Castella, B.; Rebolo, R.; Sethenadh, J.; Luntzer, A.; Mueller Wodarg, I.; Delgado Mena, E.; Brown, L.; De Sio, A.; González Hernández, J.; Selsis, F.; Leconte, J.; Del Vecchio, C.; Budaj, J.; Scandariato, G.; Pagano, I.; García Piquer, A.; Guillot, T.; Terenzi, L.; Tabernero, H. M.; Forget, F.; Hargrave, P.; North, C.; Heyrovsky, D.; Cerulli, R.; Adybekian, V.; Read, P.; Pinsard, Frederic; Parmentier, V.; Collura, A.; Hubert, B.; Lanza, N.; Graczyk, R.; Fouqué, P.; Giuranna, M.; Valdivieso, M. L.; Pérez Hoyos, S.; Andersen, A.; Mall, U.; Buchhave, L. A.; Yelle, R.; Rickman, H.; Ballerini, P.; Affer, L.; Maruquette, J. B.; Sánchez Béjar, V. J.; Nelson, Richard; Fletcher, L.; Radioti, A.; Turrini, D.; Montes, D.; Gizon, L.; Galand, M.; Gómez, H.; Eymet, V.; Esposito, M.; Smith, A.; Morello, G.; Allende Prieto, C.; Justtanot, K.; Bryson, I.; Pallé, E.; Amado, P. J.; Figueira, P.; Shore, Steven; Focardi, M.; Strazzulla, G.; Giani, E.; Pietrzak, R.; González Merino, B.; Lo Cicero, Ugo; Gaulme, P.; Sozzetti, A.; Femenía Castella, B.; Maillard, J. P.; Cabral, A.; Iro, N.; Magnes, W.; Pinfield, David J.; Swain, M.; Showman, A.; Bellucci, G.; Kerins, E.; Maurin, A. S.; Poretti, E.; Boisse, I.; Barton, E. J.; Kervella, P.; Guio, P.; Norgaard Nielsen, H. U.; Bézard, B.; Montañés Rodríguez, P.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Kovács, G.; Baffa, C.; Del Val Borro, M.; Belmonte Avilés, J. A.; Palla, F.; Hersant, F.; Correira, A.; Yung, Y.; Cockell, Charles S.; Vinatier, S.; Pilat Lohinger, E.; Krupp, N.; Orton, G.; Vakili, F.; Pezzuto, S.; Di Giorgio, A.; Waltham, D.; Testi, L.; Stiepen, A.; Deroo, P.; Capria, M. T.; Eales, S.; Irshad, R.; Stolarski, M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Swinyard, B.; Griffith, C.; Winek, W.; Bouy, H.; Thompson, S.; Maggio, A.; Moses, J.; Liu, S. J.; Lithgow Bertelloni, C.; Coudé du Foresto, V.; Martín Torres, Javier; Fletcher, L.; Barlow, M.; Coustenis, A.; Berry, D.; López Puertas, M.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Lundgaard Rasmussen, I.; Hoogeveen, Ruud; Morais, H.; Watkins, C.; Oliva, E.; Scuderi, S.; Aylward, A.; Bonford, B.; Sitek, P.; Haigh, J.; Prisinzano, L.; Soret, L.; Wawrzaszk, A.; Lammer, H.; Figueira, P.; Gianotti, F.; Readorn, K.; Tanga, P.; Israelian, G.; Gesa, L.; Peralta, J.; Gómez Leal, I.; Cassan, A.; Tecsa, M.; Tessenyi, M.; Pancrazzi, M.; Coates, A.; Gambicorti, L.; Gear, W.; Winter, B.; Piskunov, N.; Álvarez Iglesias, C. A.; Polichtchouk, I.; Altieri, F.; Ottensamer, R.; Watson, D.; Rezac, L.; Vandenbussche, B.; Waters, R.; Dorfi, E.; Morgante, G.; Pascale, E.; Hornstrup, A.; Snellen, Ignas; Lodieu, N.; Lellouch, E.; Espinoza Contreras, M.; Jarchow, C.; Agúndez, Marcelino; Filacchione, G.; Abreu, M.; Grassi, D.; Tingley, B. W.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Tozzi, A.; Sanz Forcada, J.; Kipping, D.; Chamberlain, S.; Trifoglio, M.; Barstow, J. K.; Santos, Nuno C.; Gillon, M.; Hébrard, E.; Cecchi Pestellini, C.; Fossey, S.; García López, Ramón; Thrastarson, H.; Rees, J. M.; Selig, A.; Galand, M.; Jacquemoud, S.; Branduardi Raymont, Graziella; Rebordao, J. [0000-0002-7418-0345]; Kerschbaum, F. [0000-0001-6320-0980]; Abreu, M. [0000-0002-0716-9568]; Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298]; López Puertas, M. [0000-0003-2941-7734]; Jacquemoud, S. [0000-0002-1500-5256]; Tennyson, J. [0000-0002-4994-5238]; Focardi, M. [0000-0002-3806-4283]; Leto, G. [0000-0002-0040-5011]; Lodieu, N. [0000-0002-3612-8968]; Tinetti, G. [0000-0001-6058-6654]; Danielski, C. [0000-0002-3729-2663]; Hornstrup, A. [0000-0002-3363-0936]; Kervella, P. [0000-0003-0626-1749]; Sánchez Bejar, V. [0000-0002-5086-4232]; López Heredero, R. [0000-0002-2197-8388]; Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835]; Rickman, H. [0000-0002-9603-6619]; Maggio, A. [0000-0001-5154-6108]; Medved, A. [0000-0003-2713-8977]; Tinetti, G. [0000-0001-6058-6654]; Fletcher, L. [0000-0001-5834-9588]; Haigh, J. [0000-0001-5504-4754]; Bakos, G. [0000-0001-7204-6727]; Stixrude, L. [0000-0003-3778-2432]; Amado, P. J. [0000-0002-8388-6040]; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Correira, A. [0000-0002-8946-8579]; Yurchenko, S. [0000-0001-9286-9501]; Rataj, M. [0000-0002-2978-9629]; Guedel, M. [0000-0001-9818-0588]; Piskunov, N. [0000-0001-5742-7767]; Filacchione, G. [0000-0001-9567-0055]; Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199]; Budaj, J. [0000-0002-9125-7340]; Poretti, E. [0000-0003-1200-0473]; Pascale, E. [0000-0002-3242-8154]; Claudi, R. [0000-0001-7707-5105]; Piccioni, G. [0000-0002-7893-6808]; Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312]; Sanroma, E. [0000-0001-8859-7937]; Agundez, M. [0000-0003-3248-3564]; Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X]; Lognonne, P. [0000-0002-1014-920X]; Abreu, M. [0000-0002-0716-9568]; Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X]; Morais, M. H. [0000-0001-5333-2736]; Tanga, P. [0000-0002-2718-997X]; Peralta, J. [0000-0002-6823-1695]; Hueso, R. [0000-0003-0169-123X]; Leto, G. [0000-0002-0040-5011]; Morales, J. C. [0000-0003-0061-518X]; Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0002-2587-4682]; Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919]; Lithgow Bertelloni, C. [0000-0003-0924-6587]; Delgado, M. E. [0000-0003-4434-2195]; Barlow, M. [0000-0002-3875-1171]; Deeg, H. [0000-0003-0047-4241]; Bouy, H. [0000-0002-7084-487X[; Grassi, D. [0000-0003-1653-3066]; Figueira, P. [0000-0001-8504-283X]; Barton, E. [0000-0001-5945-9244]; Coates, A. [0000-0002-6185-3125]; García Ramón, J. [0000-0002-8204-6832]; Watson, D. [0000-0002-4465-8264]; Morales Calderon, M. [0000-0001-9526-9499]; Demangeon, O. [0000-0001-7918-0355]; Ray, T. [0000-0002-2110-1068]; Guio, P. [0000-0002-1607-5862]; Gillon, M. [0000-0003-1462-7739]; Bulgarelli, A. [0000-0001-6347-0649]; Prisinzano, L. [0000-0002-8893-2210]; Barstow, J. [0000-0003-3726-5419]; Pancrazzi, M. [0000-0002-3789-2482]; Barrado Navascues, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242]; Balado, A. [0000-0003-4268-2516]; Malaguti, G. [0000-0001-9872-3378]; Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852]; Affer, L. [0000-0001-5600-3778]; Ciaravella, A. [0000-0002-3127-8078]; Guillot, T. [0000-0002-7188-8428]; Altieri, F. [0000-0002-6338-8300]; Covino, E. [0000-0002-6187-6685]; Venot, O. [0000-0003-2854-765X]; López Valverde, M. A. [0000-0002-7989-4267]; Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X]; Selsis, F. [0000-0001-9619-5356]; Turrini, D. [0000-0002-1923-7740]; Ward Thompson, D. [0000-0003-1140-2761]; Rebolo, R. [0000-0003-3767-7085]; Damasso, M. [0000-0001-9984-4278]; Tizzi, A. [0000-0002-6725-3825]; Morgante, G. [0000-0001-9234-7412]; Pena Ramírez, K. [0000-0002-5855-401X]; Galand, M. [0000-0001-5797-914X]; Pace, E. [0000-0001-5870-1772]; Pilat Lohinger, E. [0000-0002-5292-1923]; Sánchez Lavega, A. [0000-0001-7234-7634]; Waldmann, I. [0000-0002-4205-5267]; Claret, A. [0000-0002-4045-8134]; Olivia, E. [0000-0002-9123-0412]; Kovacs, G. [0000-0002-2365-2330]; Gómez, H. [0000-0003-3398-0052]; Monteiro, M. [0000-0001-5644-0898]; Bellucci, G. [0000-0003-0867-8679]; Baffa, C. [0000-0002-4935-100X]; Scholz, A. [0000-0001-8993-5053]; Bezard, B. [0000-0002-5433-5661]; Scuderi, Salvatore [0000-0002-8637-2109]; Hersant, F. [0000-0002-2687-7500]; Maldonado, J. [0000-0002-4282-1072]; Gear, W. [0000-0001-6789-6196]; Sousa, S. [0000-0001-9047-2965]; Irwin, P. [0000-0002-6772-384X]; Pinfield, D. [0000-0002-7804-4260]; Kipping, D. [0000-0002-4365-7366]; Ade, P. [0000-0002-5127-0401]; Vandenbussche, B. [0000-0002-1368-3109]; Burleigh, M. [0000-0003-0684-7803]; Chadney, J. [0000-0002-5174-2114]; Moro Martín, A. [0000-0001-9504-8426]; Scandariato, G. [0000-0003-2029-0626]; Rodríguez, P. [0000-0002-6855-9682]; Maldonado, J. [0000-0002-2218-5689]; Michaut, C. [0000-0002-2578-0117]; Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0001-9797-4917]
The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune—all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10−4 relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires wavelength coverage of at least 0.55 to 11 μm with a goal of covering from 0.4 to 16 μm. Only modest spectral resolving power is needed, with R ~ 300 for wavelengths less than 5 μm and R ~ 30 for wavelengths greater than this. The transit spectroscopy technique means that no spatial resolution is required. A telescope collecting area of about 1 m2 is sufficiently large to achieve the necessary spectro-photometric precision: for the Phase A study a 1.13 m2 telescope, diffraction limited at 3 μm has been adopted. Placing the satellite at L2 provides a cold and stable thermal environment as well as a large field of regard to allow efficient time-critical observation of targets randomly distributed over the sky. EChO has been conceived to achieve a single goal: exoplanet spectroscopy. The spectral coverage and signal-to-noise to be achieved by EChO, thanks to its high stability and dedicated design, would be a game changer by allowing atmospheric composition to be measured with unparalleled exactness: at least a factor 10 more precise and a factor 10 to 1000 more accurate than current observations. This would enable the detection of molecular abundances three orders of magnitude lower than currently possible and a fourfold increase from the handful of molecules detected to date. Combining these data with estimates of planetary bulk compositions from accurate measurements of their radii and masses would allow degeneracies associated with planetary interior modelling to be broken, giving unique insight into the interior structure and elemental abundances of these alien worlds. EChO would allow scientists to study exoplanets both as a population and as individuals. The mission can target super-Earths, Neptune-like, and Jupiter-like planets, in the very hot to temperate zones (planet temperatures of 300–3000 K) of F to M-type host stars. The EChO core science would be delivered by a three-tier survey. The EChO Chemical Census: This is a broad survey of a few-hundred exoplanets, which allows us to explore the spectroscopic and chemical diversity of the exoplanet population as a whole. The EChO Origin: This is a deep survey of a subsample of tens of exoplanets for which significantly higher signal to noise and spectral resolution spectra can be obtained to explain the origin of the exoplanet diversity (such as formation mechanisms, chemical processes, atmospheric escape). The EChO Rosetta Stones: This is an ultra-high accuracy survey targeting a subsample of select exoplanets. These will be the bright “benchmark” cases for which a large number of measurements would be taken to explore temporal variations, and to obtain two and three dimensional spatial information on the atmospheric conditions through eclipse-mapping techniques. If EChO were launched today, the exoplanets currently observed are sufficient to provide a large and diverse sample. The Chemical Census survey would consist of > 160 exoplanets with a range of planetary sizes, temperatures, orbital parameters and stellar host properties. Additionally, over the next 10 years, several new ground- and space-based transit photometric surveys and missions will come on-line (e.g. NGTS, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO), which will specifically focus on finding bright, nearby systems. The current rapid rate of discovery would allow the target list to be further optimised in the years prior to EChO’s launch and enable the atmospheric characterisation of hundreds of planets.
Acceso Abierto
Three planets transiting the evolved star EPIC 249893012: A hot 8.8-M super-Earth and two warm 14.7 and 10.2-M sub-Neptunes
(EDP Sciences, 2020-04-24) Hidalgo, D.; Pallé, E.; Alonso, R.; Gandolfi, D.; Fridlund, M.; Nowak, G.; Luque, R.; Hirano, T.; Justesen, A. B.; Cochran, W. D.; Barragán, O.; Spina, L.; Rodler, F.; Albrecht, S.; Anderson, D.; Amado, P. J.; Bryant, E.; Caballero, J. A.; Cabrera, J.; Csizmadia, Sz.; Dai, F.; De Leon, J.; Deeg, H.; Eigmuller, Ph.; Endl, M.; Erikson, A.; Esposito, M.; Figueira, P.; Georgieva, I.; Grziwa, S.; Guenther, E. W.; Hatzes, Artie; Hjorth, M.; Hoeijmakers, H. J.; Kabath, P.; Korth, J.; Kuzuhara, M.; Lafarga, M.; Lampón, M.; Leao, I. C.; Livingston, J.; Mathur, S.; Montañés Rodríguez, P.; Morales, J. C.; Murgas Alcaino, F.; Nagel, E.; Narita, N.; Nielsen, L. D.; Patzold, M.; Persson, Carina; Prieto Arranz, J.; Quirrenbach, A.; Rauer, H.; Redfield, S.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Smith, A. M. S.; Subjak, J.; Van Eylen, V.; Wilson, P. A.; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Hidalgo, D. [0000-0002-7340-6963]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737
We report the discovery of a new planetary system with three transiting planets, one super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes, that orbit EPIC 249893012, a G8 IV-V evolved star ( M ? = 1.05 0.05 M fi, R ? = 1.71 0.04 R fi, Te ff = 5430 85 K). The star is just leaving the main sequence. We combined K2 photometry with IRCS adaptive-optics imaging and HARPS, HARPS-N, and CARMENES highprecision radial velocity measurements to confirm the planetary system, determine the stellar parameters, and measure radii, masses, and densities of the three planets. With an orbital period of 3:5949+0:0007 0:0007 days, a mass of 8:75+1:09 1:08 M , and a radius of 1:95+0:09 0:08 R , the inner planet b is compatible with nickel-iron core and a silicate mantle ( b = 6:39+1:19 1:04 g cm 3). Planets c and d with orbital periods of 15:624+0:001 0:001 and 35:747+0:005 0:005 days, respectively, have masses and radii of 14:67+1;84 1:89 M and 3:67+0:17 0:14 R and 10:18+2:46 2:42 M and 3:94+0:13 0:12 R , respectively, yielding a mean density of 1:62+0:30 0:29 and 0:91+0:25 0:23 g cm 3, respectively. The radius of planet b lies in the transition region between rocky and gaseous planets, but its density is consistent with a rocky composition. Its semimajor axis and the corresponding photoevaporation levels to which the planet has been exposed might explain its measured density today. In contrast, the densities and semimajor axes of planets c and d suggest a very thick atmosphere. The singularity of this system, which orbits a slightly evolved star that is just leaving the main sequence, makes it a good candidate for a deeper study from a dynamical point of view.