Examinando por Autor "Plaza Gallardo, Borja"

Mostrando 1 - 20 de 26

Restringido
A subcell FDTD Scheme implementation for thin slot modeling
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2022-07-08) Cabello, M. R.; Martín Valverde, A. J.; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Frövel, Malte; Poyatos Martinez, David; Rubio Bretones, Amelia; González García, S.; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Junta de Andalucía
The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is not able to efficiently model thin features without a drastic reductions of the spatial mesh size, potentially yielding an unfeasible use of memory and CPU requirements. In this work we propose two stable and efficient techniques for dealing with thin apertures in FDTD, one based on conformal and one based on subgridding. These are compared, in two different scenarios, with the classical dispersive magnetic material approximation [DMMA] based on Gilbert-Holland's models.
Acceso Abierto
A Subcell Finite-Difference Time-Domain Implementation for Narrow Slots on Conductive Panels
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023-08-03) Ruiz Cabello Núñez, M. D.; Martín Valverde, A. J.; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Frövel, Malte; Poyatos Martinez, David; Rubio Bretones, Amelia; Gascón Bravo, Alberto; García, S. G.; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
Efficiently modeling thin features using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method involves a considerable reduction in the spatial mesh size. However, in real-world scenarios, such reductions can lead to unaffordable memory and CPU requirements. In this manuscript, we present two stable and efficient techniques in FDTD to handle narrow apertures on conductive thin panels. One technique employs conformal methods, while the other utilizes subgridding methods. We validate their performance compared to the classical Gilbert-Holland model and present experimental results in reverberation environments to shed light on these models’ actual confidence margins in real electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) scenarios.
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Assessment of FEM simulations in EMC test setups for small aeronautical platforms
(Taylor and Francis Online, 2018-08-03) Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Ramajo, O.; López, Daniel; Poyatos Martinez, David; Escot Bocanegra, D.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
The rise of fly-by-wire systems together with the utilization of new composite materials make it more and more difficult to assess and guarantee aircraft electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). As a result, the design phase becomes of paramount importance in the aircraft production process. Performing actual EMC tests over different configurations in such a phase would be very costly and time consuming, so reliable computational techniques are being explored in the last years. However, proper validation is needed in order to gain confidence in the results obtained by simulations. In this regard, this paper presents the assessment of a simulation approach based on the finite element method to reproduce typical setups of an EMC test laboratory for small aeronautical platforms. The final test object is based on an unmanned aerial vehicle but, first, a simpler test case is used to tune and assess the simulation approach. Once the approach is both qualitatively and quantitatively validated with measurements, new setups involving the aeronautical specimen are analysed.
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C2CC Diseño conceptual de un criostato de calibración para el instrumento X-IFU de la misión ATHENA
(Instituto de la Ingeniería de España, 2022-06-24) Vera Trallero, Isabel; Añón Cancela, M.; Jiménez Lorenzo, María; López Sanz, Daniel; Martín Vodopivec, B.; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Poyatos Martínez, David; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
Athena fue seleccionada en 2014 por la ESA como la segunda misión de clase L (L2) dentro de programa Cosmic Vision. La misión Athena [1] será el mayor observatorio de rayos X hasta la fecha, realizando espectroscopía de rayos X con resolución espacial e imágenes espectroscópicas de gran profundidad de campo en rayos X. Esta misión está llamada a revolucionar la astronomía al realizar observaciones con una resolución nunca antes alcanzada. Cuyos resultados ayudarán a desvelar incógnitas sobre los procesos de altas energías que se producen en el universo, como por ejemplo las emisiones de agujeros negros.
Acceso Abierto
Caracterización electromagnética de materiales aeroespaciales a baja temperatura
(Universidad de Valencia, 2023-11-23) Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Zamorano Martínez, Pablo; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Poyatos Martínez, David; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
Acceso Abierto
Caracterización electromagnética de urnas de protección planetaria en cámara anecoica biestática para ensayos de EMC
(Universidad de Valencia, 2023-11-23) Jimenez, María; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Poyatos Martínez, David; Moragrega Langton, María; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
Restringido
Caracterización y validación de reflectores del campo de calibración SAR INTA para la misión Paz
(Universidad de Valencia, 2022-09-23) Cuerda, Juan Manuel; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Poyatos Martínez, David; Casal, Nuria; Gimeno, Nuria; Cifuentes, Patricia; García Rodríguez, Marcos; González Bonilla, María José; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)
La misión PAZ constituye el elemento radar del Programa Nacional de Observación de la Tierra por Satélite (PNOTS) para el desarrollo, operación y explotación de sensores espaciales de observación de la Tierra. La misión fue declarada operacional en septiembre de 2018 y se encuentra actualmente en fase de operaciones rutinarias dando servicio a usuarios de defensa y seguridad, comerciales y científicos. El equipo de Sistemas SAR espaciales y calibración de INTA es responsable del centro de Calibración y Validación de PAZ y del aseguramiento las prestaciones de los productos durante toda la vida útil de la misión. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un programa de monitorización de prestaciones continuo sobre los datos adquiridos y campañas de calibración específicas periódicamente. Estas actividades de monitorización y calibración se realizan sobre elementos de referencia cuya localización precisa y respuesta a la señal RADAR es conocida y exacta. Generalmente, los elementos de calibración más utilizados son reflectores de esquina, generalmente triedros metálicos, cuya sección transversal RADAR (RCS) se puede caracterizar estimando la energía interceptada por el área de sus caras. Por ser elementos pasivos no introducen retardos electrónicos, lo que les hace ideales para la calibración geométrica. La exactitud de la calibración radiométrica estará acotada por la estabilidad del instrumento, pero también por la exactitud en la determinación de la RCS de referencia de los elementos de calibración. Las fuentes de error que más afectan a esta determinación son los defectos de fabricación respecto a planitud, ortogonalidad o dimensionamiento y las condiciones ambientales de la medida, como pueden ser interferencias con el entorno o la climatología local, que se tratan de minimizar buscando ubicaciones de despliegue homogéneas y libres de elementos interferentes. El método más fiable para para minimizar los errores introducidos en el proceso de fabricación consiste en la medida en cámara de la RCS de cada uno de estos reflectores, pero este proceso puede resultar costoso y, especialmente con reflectores de gran tamaño, sujeto a la disponibilidad de instalaciones altamente especializadas. En este artículo se muestran las actividades realizadas junto con el Laboratorio de Electromagnetismo Computacional y Aplicado del INTA para la definición de un proceso de caracterización de los 40 reflectores del campo de calibración INTA de PAZ basado en su medida dimensional, la generación de un modelo 3-D de los mismos y la simulación de su RCS a partir de ellos. Los resultados se validan con medidas sobre imágenes PAZ, TerraSAR-X y TanDEM-X, obtenidos de los reflectores desplegados en campo.
Acceso Abierto
CFD Study of Flow Field Velocities and 3D Effects over the MEXICO Wind Turbine Model
(Science Publishin Group, 2017-12-13) Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Bardera, Rafael; Visiedo Martínez, S.
The deep understanding about wake field and 3D effects of wind turbines are still a challenge, due to the complexity of the three-dimensional flow which blades rotation produces. In this work an aerodynamic analysis about wind turbine model MEXICO is realized, firstly of axial distribution of velocities in several regions inside the streamtube and then some estimations of 3D effects, either lift coefficient augmentation or stall delay phenomenon. CFD-RANS simulations have been carried out at three different wind speeds, and results are compared to experimental data of the MEXICO project, from wind tunnel tests. Results show that axial and radial inductions are greater for outer sections and lower as wind speed increases, providing different wake configurations. As for the 3D effects, it is found that rotational augmentation appears firstly for inner part of the blade and they advance progressively towards span-wise direction as wind velocity grows. For inner section, at high wind speed, lift coefficient increase reaches to values of 50% over the corresponding 2D polar curve.
Acceso Abierto
Characterization of Joints between Carbon Fiber Composite Parts Using a Microstrip Transmission Line Method
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2021-02-06) Plaza Gallardo, Borja; López, Daniel; Poyatos Martinez, David; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
The electromagnetic performance of aerial platforms, which are composed mostly of nonmetallic materials, is a subject of great interest at present time. The behavior of this type of composite structure against electromagnetic environmental effects (E3), such as lightning, is not well-studied as in the case of metalic structures. The purpose of this article is to characterize the joints present in aerial platforms constructed mainly of nonmetallic composite materials. The study of these joints is fundamental because electrical discontinuities or preferential routes can produce changes in the electromagnetic behavior of an aircraft. The proposed measurement system for the characterization of these joints is a microstrip line. The flexibility of the test setup allows for evaluation of different joints in carbon fiber composite (CFC) samples with a different number of plies. Additionally, approximated models of the behavior of the joints as well as the detection of possible defects in the joining process are reported.
Restringido
Comparison of BEM and CFD results for MEXICO rotor aerodynamics
(Elsevier, 2015-07-07) Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Bardera, Rafael; Visiedo Martínez, S.
This work aims to conduct an aerodynamic analysis of the MEXICO wind turbine rotor, establishing comparisons between the results of two radically different computational techniques and measurements, obtained in wind tunnel tests under controlled conditions in the framework of the MEXICO project (Boorsma and Schepers, 2009, Schepers et al., 2012). Forces, pressures, and torque generated in the rotor are computed usingthe blade element momentum (BEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes to investigate their main strengths and weaknesses at different wind speeds, highlighting the quality of the results obtained at different blade stations. In general terms, both methods tend to overestimate the spanwise distribution of forces and pressures. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-CFD simulations maintain a uniform level of accuracy across the studied velocity range, whereas BEM calculations outperform CFD estimates at low wind velocities but fail at higher velocities due to separated flow conditions. Blade tip loss and three-dimensional (3D) effects are partly responsible for inaccuracies in calculation, especially for the BEM code. These 3D effects are discussed briefly in relation to force estimates.
Restringido
Coupling Analysis Under Ligthning Indirect Effects For Cable Bundles With Different Ground Plates In Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2021-10-19) Ramos Somolinos, D.; Morales Blanco, C.; López Sanz, Daniel; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Poyatos Martinez, David; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
It is increasingly common in aerospace industries to take advantage of novel composite materials in their manufacturing processes to improve performance and reduce costs. Obtaining the electromagnetic (EM) characterization of these materials or a combination of them is essential to ensure safety and EM compatibility.In this paper, a laminate of the central fuselage of an aircraft developed at INTA is recreated. This aircraft is called MILANO and it is mostly made of Carbon Fiber Composite (CFC). The same material is used for the laminate. Besides, another metallic plate is built in order to compare the performance of the former one with respect to a Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC). The main goal of this work is studying the coupling between the cable bundles embedded in the MILANO and how is this affected by the different materials of the ground plate (metal and CFC). Two kind of tests are carried out: S-parameters measurents and injection of Lightning Indirect Effect (LIE) waveforms. S-parameters results are then obtained through simulation too and compared with both the metallic and the CFC sample.
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Design of a planetary protection cover for EMC testing of a spacial magnetic sensor
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2019-10-17) Fernández Romero, S.; Parrondo, María Concepción; Díaz Michelena, Marina; Muñóz Rebate, I.; León Calero, Marina; Martín Iglesias, Santiago; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Escot Bocanegra, D.; Poyatos Martinez, David; Jiménez Lorenzo, María; López Sanz, Daniel; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
This paper explains the research process carried out for the development and manufacture of the planetary protection cover for carrying out the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests of the an-isotropic magneto-resistance (AMR) sensor of the ExoMars 2020 mission. This mission has strict bioburden requirements. The electromagnetic properties of several materials have been analyzed in order to study their transmission coefficient and the innovation of this project is the use of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology as manufacturing method. Additive manufacturing is presented as a promising technology in the field of radiofrequency since it can use a wide range of polymeric materials (thermoplastics) with low transmission coefficient. Observing the electromagnetic (EM) characterization results, it was decided to manufacture a protective cover using FDM technology, because it allows control over the grounding of the instrument and facilitates the integration, cleaning and protection against impacts during the manipulation, with great versatility and low cost. Finally, the cover has been verified during the acceptance EMC tests of the flight model AMR instrument.
Acceso Abierto
Development of optimization algorithms for electromagnetic characterization in free space
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2023-03-31) Cidrás Estévez, José; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Poyatos Martínez, David; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
In recent years, in the aerospace industry, there has been a trend based on replacing the classic metallic materials with new advanced materials such as carbon fiber composites (CFC), fiberglass, etc. Due to this, the electromagnetic (EM) characterization of these new materials is essential to maintain safety and EM compatibility. This article will focus on the free space measurement technique, from which a series of optimization algorithms have been developed, allowing the extraction of permittivity and permeability of materials in a frequency range up to 40 GHz using the Time-Domain Gating from a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).
Acceso Abierto
Electromagnetic Characterization of Materials Through High Accuracy Free Space Measurements
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2021-04-26) Poyatos Martinez, David; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
Aerospace or automotive industries employ novel composite or 3D printed materials in their manufacturing processes to improve performance and reduce costs. Obtaining the electromagnetic (EM) characterization of these materials or a combination of them is essential to ensure safety and EM compatibility. In this paper, the development of a test bench with rod antennas for measurements in free space is presented. A complete design is described, from simulation analysis to validation measurements. The aim is to achieve robust measurements which allow the EM characterization of very diverse samples and materials, and high accuracy results that make possible to know the exact EM behaviour of these materials.
Acceso Abierto
Estudio de la urna de protección frente a contaminación biológica y ambiental para los ensayos de EMC del instrumento RLS de la misión ExoMars
(Ministerio de Defensa: Secretaria General Técnica, 2020-11-26) Jiménez Lorenzo, María; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; López Sanz, Daniel; Rodríguez Prieto, J. A.; Martín Iglesias, Santiago; Poyatos Martínez, David; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
El RLS (Raman Laser Spectrometer) es un espectrómetro Raman que forma parte de la carga de pago de la misión ExoMars 2022 a bordo del rover ‘Rosalind Franklin’ de la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA). Este instrumento, desarrollado en el Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), debe ser sometido a una serie de ensayos de calificación, entre los que se encuentran los de compatibilidad electromagnética (EMC) de acuerdo al estándar ECSS-E-ST-20-07C Rev.1 y los requisitos propios de la misión. Para poder cumplir con los requisitos de protección planetaria de la misión, todas las actividades (integración, validación y ensayos) deben realizarse en condiciones de limpieza. Por ello, es necesario el diseño y la fabricación de una urna de protección que no interfiera en las medidas durante los ensayos de EMC permitiendo mantener los requisitos de limpieza durante los mismos. Por ello, la urna debe fabricarse empleando materiales lo más transparentes posible a los campos electromagnéticos para las frecuencias de ensayo. En este artículo se explica el proceso de elección del material entre diferentes materiales compuestos susceptibles de ser usados para esta aplicación, el desarrollo y fabricación de la urna y su caracterización electromagnética. Esto permitirá avanzar en la comprensión del comportamiento electromagnético de este tipo de estructuras y materiales, e investigar en nuevas geometrías y materiales durante la fase de diseño que mejoren las prestaciones finales de las urnas diseñadas para proyectos futuros.
Acceso Abierto
FS electromagnetic characterisation of a flexible and scalable X-band RAM
(The Institution of Engeering and Technology, 2018-03-12) Aguirre, A.; Torres de Pedro, C.; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Poyatos Martinez, David; Escot Bocanegra, D.; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)
Along the years, RADAR absorbing materials (RAM's) have been widely introduced in aeronautic applications and platforms. However, this kind of materials presents three main problems for certain applications when they are intended to be used in real operations. First, they must be scalable from a laboratory sample to actual size, at a reasonable cost. Second, they must be able to work without metal backing for applications in non-metallic vehicles or other objects which surface might not be flat. Indeed, they should also be flexible and surface adaptable. Finally, their absorbing properties against electromagnetic fields should be preferably characterised under real conditions, that is, in free space (FS), in order to design and fabricate an appropriate material for the intended application. In this study, a self-developed, low-cost, bilayer, X-band RAM, composed of a lower layer of polyaniline silicon rubber and a top layer of silicon rubber with graphite was characterised in a bistatic anechoic chamber called BIANCHA, and the results are presented, analysed and compared with software simulation and with the typical single polarisation waveguide measurement method, showing the adequacy of FS measurements for the development of this type of RAM.
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Indoor Measurement of Bistatic High Resolution Range Profiles of Scale Model Aircraft Targets
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2018-11-29) Escot Bocanegra, D.; Poyatos Martinez, David; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
Bistatic radar has been recently attracting again the attention of engineers and scientists due to a variety of reasons, including, for instance, the current developments in passive radar systems or the advantages that bistatic radar offer to detect stealth platforms. Under these circumstances, radar cross section (RCS) measurement facilities have to be able to evolve accordingly and provide bistatic measurement capability. This paper introduces BIANCHA, a multi-purpose testing facility, and demonstrates its applicability for this purpose by presenting results of the bistatic scattering analysis of scaled model aircraft targets.
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Limitations in the Measurement of the Shielding Effectiveness of Aeronautical Multi-ply CFC Laminates
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2019-10-17) Gómez de Francisco, Patricia; Poyatos Martinez, David; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Escot Bocanegra, D.; Fernández Romero, S.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
Modern aircraft employ profusely carbon fiber composites (CFC) for their construction. Then, it is mandatory to characterize the behaviour of this kind of materials for its use under harsh electromagnetic environments. In that sense, this paper presents the application of two standards, the ASTM D4935 and the IEC 61000-4-21, to the measurement of the shielding effectiveness (SE) of aeronautical multi-ply CFC laminates frequently used for the construction of aircraft. Each technique is well suited for a specific material or realization and a specific frequency range. So, both techniques are complementary and should be developed in parallel. Taking into account the high SE expected for this kind materials, the set-ups imply the measurement of very low signals, that poses an experimental challenge that has to be faced. Then, in this study, different test samples and realizations of CFC materials have been fabricated and measured. Improvements on the traditional measurement procedures have been applied, obtaining promising results.
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Limitations in the Shielding Effectiveness Measurement Methods for Carbon Fiber Composites
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2021-04-12) Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Gómez de Francisco, Patricia; Fernández Romero, S.; Muñoz Rebate, I.; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Poyatos Martinez, David; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
Novel materials, as multi-ply carbon fiber composites (CFC), are increasingly used in the industry due to their outstanding mechanical properties in relation to their weight. In this regard, from the standpoint of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), shielding effectiveness (SE) is a key parameter that often determines the scope for application of a given material. This article addresses the application of two complementary standards, ASTM D4935 and IEC 61000-4-21, to the SE measurement of different CFC test samples with more than 10 layers and a very large expected shielding. The analysis of the limitations encountered and the description of applied improvements on the traditional measurement procedures on each method are also included, showing promising results. On the other hand, there are alternative methods to evaluate the SE of CFC based on their DC square resistance. Consequently, and forthe shake of completeness, a novel setup for high precision measurement of the DC square resistance of CFC samples is also described along the article.
Restringido
Limitations in the Shielding Effectiveness Measurement Methods for Carbon Fiber Composites
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2021-04-12) Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Fernández Romero, S.; Gómez de Francisco, Patricia; Muñoz Rebate, I.; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Poyatos Martinez, David; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
Novel materials, as multi-ply carbon fiber composites (CFC), are increasingly used in the industry due to their outstanding mechanical properties in relation to their weight. In this regard, from the standpoint of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), shielding effectiveness (SE) is a key parameter that often determines the scope for application of a given material. This article addresses the application of two complementary standards, ASTM D4935 and IEC 61000-4-21, to the SE measurement of different CFC test samples with more than 10 layers and a very large expected shielding. The analysis of the limitations encountered and the description of applied improvements on the traditional measurement procedures on each method are also included, showing promising results. On the other hand, there are alternative methods to evaluate the SE of CFC based on their DC square resistance. Consequently, and forthe shake of completeness, a novel setup for high precision measurement of the DC square resistance of CFC samples is also described along the article.