SiO, 29SiO, and 30SiO Emission from 67 Oxygen-rich Stars: A Survey of 61 Maser Lines from 7 to 1 mm

Abstract

Circumstellar environments of oxygen-rich stars are among the strongest SiO maser emitters. Physical processes such as collisions, infrared pumping, and overlaps favor the inversion of level population and produce maser emission at different vibrational states. Despite numerous observational and theoretical efforts, we still do not have a unified picture including all of the physical processes involved in SiO maser emission. The aim of this work is to provide homogeneous data in a large sample of oxygen-rich stars. We present a survey of 67 oxygen-rich stars from 7 to 1 mm, in their rotational transitions from J = 1 → 0 to J = 5 → 4, for vibrational numbers v from 0 to 6 in the three main SiO isotopologs. We have used one of the 34 m NASA antennas at Robledo and the IRAM 30 m radio telescope. The first tentative detection of a v = 6 line is reported, as well as the detection of new maser lines. The highest vibrational levels seem confined to small volumes, presumably close to the stars. The J = 1 → 0, v = 2 line flux is greater than the corresponding v = 1 in almost half of the sample, which may confirm a predicted dependence on the pulsation cycle. This database is potentially useful in models which should consider most of the physical agents, time dependency, and mass-loss rates. As a by-product, we report detections of 27 thermal rotational lines from other molecules, including isotopologs of SiS, H2S, SO, SO2, and NaCl.