Persona: Arruego, Ignacio
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Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
El Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial es el Organismo Público de Investigación (OPI) dependiente del Ministerio de Defensa. Además de realizar actividades de investigación científica y de desarrollo de sistemas y prototipos en su ámbito de conocimiento, presta servicios tecnológicos a empresas, universidades e instituciones.
El INTA está especializado en la investigación y el desarrollo tecnológico, de carácter dual, en los ámbitos de la Aeronáutica, Espacio, Hidrodinámica, Seguridad y Defensa.
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Publicación Acceso Abierto INMARS: SURFACE-ORBITAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM ON MARS. DESIGN AND TESTING(8th Planetary Sciences and Solar System Exploration Congress, 2025-05-26) Ruiz Carrasco, Jose Raimundo; Serrano Santos, Felipe; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Poyatos Martinez, David; Arruego, IgnacioThe exploration of Mars has been developed by multiple vehicles (rovers and orbiters) deployed since the dawn of the space race, and lately with the Perseverance mission. The acquisition of data and samples is relevant to study the planet and prepare future manned missions. In this regard, the National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA) performs R+D of impact probes; in particular, the InMars mission aims to establish an operational probe network on Mars for the acquisition and transmission of atmospheric data. This will provide better understanding of the planet's atmospheric dynamics and help to reduce risks for future landings on Mars. The required surface-orbital telecommunication system must perform a UHF band network, linking probes with Mars orbiters, and operate under severe environmental, impact, and reduced space conditions, among others. This communication will cover the preliminary design and planned testing of the system and its main components.Publicación Acceso Abierto Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Aerosol Optical Depth Observed by MEDA/TIRS at Jezero Crater, Mars(Advancing Earth and Space Science (AGU), 2023-01-09) Smith, Michael D.; Martínez, Germán M.; Sebastián, E.; Lemmon, M. T.; Wolff, Michael; Apéstigue, Víctor; Arruego, Ignacio; Toledo, D.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The two upward-looking Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS) channels from the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) instrument suite on board the Perseverance rover enable the retrieval of total aerosol optical depth (dust plus water ice cloud) above the rover for all observations when TIRS is taken. Because TIRS observes at thermal infrared wavelengths, the retrievals are possible during both the day and night and thus, they provide an excellent way to monitor both the diurnal and seasonal variations of aerosols above Jezero Crater. A retrieval algorithm has been developed for this purpose and here, we describe that algorithm along with our results for the first 400 sols of the Perseverance mission covering nearly the entire aphelion season as well as a regional dust storm and the beginning of the perihelion season. We find systematic diurnal variations in aerosol optical depth that can be associated with dust and water ice clouds as well as a clear change from a cloud-filled aphelion season to a perihelion season where dust is the dominant aerosol. A comparison of retrieved optical depths between TIRS and the SkyCam camera that is also part of MEDA indicates evidence of possible diurnal variations in cloud height or particle size.Publicación Restringido Optical wireless links for intra-satellite communications: reflection models and hardware optimization(Aerospace Research Central, 2010-05-23) Tamayo, R.; Alonso, José; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Arruego, Ignacio; Guerrero, H.; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)The present work is a study on the propagation channel (physical layer) for wireless infrared communications in intra-satellite environments. Substituting cables and connectors with optical links inside a spaceborn platform offers many advantages and represents some technical challenges. We show analytical calculations, simulations, and experimental results for reflection models for aerospace materials, as well as wavelength division multiple access techniques for channel multiplexing. Improvements in the selection and optimization of emitter-detector pairs are also presented.Publicación Restringido DREAMS-SIS: The Solar Irradiance Sensor on-board the ExoMars 2016 lander(Elsevier, 2017-07-01) Arruego, Ignacio; Apéstigue, Víctor; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Martínez Oter, Javier; Álvarez Ríos, F. J.; González Guerrero, M.; Rivas, J.; Azcue, J.; Martín, I.; Toledo, D.; Gómez Martín, L.; Jiménez Michavila, M.; Yela González, Margarita; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)The Solar Irradiance Sensor (SIS) was part of the DREAMS (Dust characterization, Risk assessment, and Environment Analyzer on the Martian Surface) payload package on board the ExoMars 2016 Entry and Descent Module (EDM), “Schiaparelli”. DREAMS was a meteorological station aimed at the measurement of several atmospheric parameters, as well as the presence of electric fields, during the surface operations of EDM. DREAMS-SIS is a highly miniaturized lightweight sensor designed for small meteorological stations, capable of estimating the aerosol optical depth (AOD) several times per sol, as well as performing a direct measurement of the global (direct plus scattered) irradiance on the Martian surface in the spectral range between 200 and 1100 nm. AOD is estimated from the irradiance measurements at two different spectral bands – Ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (NIR) – which also enables color index (CI) analysis for the detection of clouds. Despite the failure in the landing of Schiaparelli, DREAMS-SIS is a valuable precursor for new developments being carried-on at present. The concept and design of DREAMS-SIS are here presented and its operating principles, supported by preliminary results from a short validation test, are described. Lessons learnt and future work towards a new generation of Sun irradiance sensors is also outlined.Publicación Restringido Thermal challenges in the deployment of an Environmental Network on the Mars Surface through miniature probes(ESA, 2024-10-09) Gonzalo Melchor, Alejandro; Arruego, Ignacio; Apéstigue, Víctor; Martínez Oter, Javier; Bastide, Laurent; Azcue, J.; Liaño, Gabriel; Caballero, Nieves; Torres, JosefinaOver the last decades, several missions have successfully landed on the Mars Surface, placing scientific instrumentation onboard landers and rovers in different individual landing sites. However, a qualitative leap in “in-situ” climate science on the red planet could happen via larger-scale observations. MarsConnect is an INTA project that aims to develop microprobes with scientific instruments that, thanks to their reduced mass and volume, could be deployed on the Martian surface in a large number to set up planetary atmospheric networks. The 10-12 kg probe consists of a rigid aero-shell that provides both stability and heat shielding during the descent, avoiding the complexity of supersonically deployed parachutes, propulsion systems or inflatable technologies. Aerothermal loads during the re-entry phase drive the sizing of the Thermal Protection System (TPS), that guarantees the probe’s structural integrity and proper internal temperatures. Preliminary conservative estimations for a range of trajectories and atmospheric conditions yield figures at the stagnation point of 210 W/cm² for peak thermal flux and of 10.000 J/cm² for integral thermal load. The aeroshell encloses a ~6 kg, 3-section, hard impact penetrator (terminal velocity < 140 m/s), that can accommodate up to 1 kg of payload. Once on the Mars surface, most of the equipment relies on its wide allowable temperature range, heritage of the miniaturized instrumentation already qualified for past missions to Mars. The penetrator also includes a highly insulated “warm compartment” for components required to be maintained within more stringent limits. The landing site latitude will determine the illumination profile along the Martian year, and hence the maximum available power that can be obtained by the lander solar cells and the necessary storage capacity of the batteries to survive the Martian night. The current talk will describe the different thermal environments throughout the mission that are critical for the dimensioning of the Mars Connect probes as well as provide a glimpse into the preliminary design concepts proposed in the frame of the project feasibility study.Publicación Restringido A Sol–Gel based magneto-optical device for the NANOSAT space mission(Springer Link, 2009-03-31) Zayat, M.; Pardo, R.; Rosa, G.; Del Real, R. P.; Díaz Michelena, Marina; Arruego, Ignacio; Guerrero, H.; Levy, D.On December 2004, the Spanish Space Agency INTA (Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial) launched the first nanosatellite called NANOSAT (Fig. 1) on board an European rocket Ariane 5, from the French Guyana. The satellite consists of a hexagonal device of <19 kg of weight with a diameter of about 50 cm, which describes a LEO orbit of 655 km of altitude. The main objective of the satellite is to probe the operation and performance of micro- and nanotechnologies in space environment. One of the scientific experiments implemented on board was the Sol–Gel based magnetic nanosensor.Publicación Restringido Calibration OGSEs for multichannel radiometers for Mars atmosphere studies(Springer Link, 2018-02-01) Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Álvarez Ríos, F. J.; González Guerrero, M.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Martín, I.; Fernández Marín, Juan Manuel; Fernán, A. A.; Arruego, Ignacio; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)This work describes several Optical Ground Support Equipment (OGSEs) developed by INTA (Spanish Institute of Aerospace Technology—Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial) for the calibration and characterization of their self-manufactured multichannel radiometers (solar irradiance sensors—SIS) developed for working on the surface of Mars and studying the atmosphere of that planet. Nowadays, INTA is developing two SIS for the ESA ExoMars 2020 and for the JPL/NASA Mars 2020 missions. These calibration OGSEs have been improved since the first model in 2011 developed for Mars MetNet Precursor mission. This work describes the currently used OGSE. Calibration tests provide an objective evidence of the SIS performance, allowing the conversion of the electrical sensor output into accurate physical measurements (irradiance) with uncertainty bounds. Calibration results of the SIS on board of the Dust characterisation, Risk assessment, and Environment Analyzer on the Martian Surface (DREAMS) on board the ExoMars 2016 Schiaparelli module (EDM—entry and descent module) are also presented, as well as their error propagation. Theoretical precision and accuracy of the instrument are determined by these results. Two types of OGSE are used as a function of the pursued aim: calibration OGSEs and Optical Fast Verification (OFV) GSE. Calibration OGSEs consist of three setups which characterize with the highest possible accuracy, the responsivity, the angular response and the thermal behavior; OFV OGSE verify that the performance of the sensor is close to nominal after every environmental and qualification test. Results show that the accuracy of the calibrated sensors is a function of the accuracy of the optical detectors and of the light conditions. For normal direct incidence and diffuse light, the accuracy is in the same order of uncertainty as that of the reference cell used for fixing the irradiance, which is about 1%.Publicación Acceso Abierto The dynamic atmospheric and aeolian environment of Jezero crater, Mars(Science Publishin Group, 2022-05-25) Newman, C. E.; Hueso, R.; Lemmon, M. T.; Munguira, A.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Apéstigue, Víctor; Martínez, Germán M.; Toledo, D.; Sullivan, Robert; Herkenhoff, K. E.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Richardson, M. I.; Stott, A.; Murdoch, N.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Wolff, Michael; Arruego, Ignacio; Sebastián, E.; Navarro López, Sara; Gómez Elvira, J.; Tamppari, L. K.; Smith, Michael D.; Lepinette Malvitte, A.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Harri, Ari-Matti; Genzer, María; Hieta, M.; Lorenz, R. D.; Conrad, Pamela G.; Gómez, Felipe; McConnochie, Timothy; Mimoun, D.; Tate, C.; Bertrand, T.; Belli, J. F.; Maki, Justin N.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Wiens, Roger; Chide, B.; Maurice, Sylvestre; Zorzano, María-Paz; Mora Sotomayor, L.; Baker, M. M.; Banfield, D.; Pla García, J.; Beyssac, O.; Brown, Adrian Jon; Clark, B.; Montmessin, F.; Fischer, E.; Patel, P.; Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.; Fouchet, T.; Francis, Raymond; Guzewich, Scott; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Gobierno Vasco; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Despite the importance of sand and dust to Mars geomorphology, weather, and exploration, the processes that move sand and that raise dust to maintain Mars’ ubiquitous dust haze and to produce dust storms have not been well quantified in situ, with missions lacking either the necessary sensors or a sufficiently active aeolian environment. Perseverance rover’s novel environmental sensors and Jezero crater’s dusty environment remedy this. In Perseverance’s first 216 sols, four convective vortices raised dust locally, while, on average, four passed the rover daily, over 25% of which were significantly dusty (“dust devils”). More rarely, dust lifting by nonvortex wind gusts was produced by daytime convection cells advected over the crater by strong regional daytime upslope winds, which also control aeolian surface features. One such event covered 10 times more area than the largest dust devil, suggesting that dust devils and wind gusts could raise equal amounts of dust under nonstorm conditions.Publicación Acceso Abierto The Uranus Multi-Experiment Radiometer for Haze and Clouds Characterization(Springer Link, 2024-01-09) Apéstigue, Víctor; Toledo, D.; Irwin, P. G. J.; Rannou, P.; Gonzalo Melchor, Alejandro; Martínez Oter, J.; Ceballos Cáceres, J.; Azcue, J.; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Sebastián, E.; Yela González, Margarita; Sorribas, M.; de Mingo Martín, José Ramón; Martín-Ortega, Alberto; Belenguer Dávila, T.; Álvarez, Maite; Vázquez García de la Vega, D.; Espejo, S.; Arruego, IgnacioThe aerosols (clouds and hazes) on Uranus are one of the main elements for understanding the thermal structure and dynamics of its atmosphere. Aerosol particles absorb and scatter the solar radiation, directly affecting the energy balance that drives the atmospheric dynamics of the planet. In this sense, aerosol information such as the vertical distribution or optical properties is essential for characterizing the interactions between sunlight and aerosol particles at each altitude in the atmosphere and for understanding the energy balance of the planet’s atmosphere. Moreover, the distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere provides key information on the global circulation of the planet (e.g., regions of upwelling or subsidence). To address this challenge, we propose the Uranus Multi-experiment Radiometer (UMR), a lightweight instrument designed to characterize the aerosols in Uranus’ atmosphere as part of the upcoming Uranus Flagship mission’s descending probe payload. The scientific goals of UMR are: (1) to study the variation of the solar radiation in the ultra-violet (UV) with altitude and characterize the energy deposition in the atmosphere; (2) to study the vertical distribution of the hazes and clouds and characterize their scattering and optical properties; (3) to investigate the heating rates of the atmosphere by directly measuring the upward and downward fluxes; and (4) to study the cloud vertical distribution and composition at pressures where sunlight is practically negligible (p > 4-5 bars). The instrument includes a set of photodetectors, field-of-view masks, a light infrared lamp, and interference filters. It draws on the heritage of previous instruments developed at the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) that participated in the exploration of Mars, where similar technology has demonstrated its endurance in extreme environments while utilizing limited resources regarding power consumption, mass and volume footprints, and data budget. The radiometer’s design and characteristics make it a valuable complementary payload for studying Uranus’ atmosphere with a high scientific return.Publicación Acceso Abierto Ozone Detector Based on Ultraviolet Observations on the Martian Surface(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2024-10-21) Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Saiz López, A.; Smith, Michael D.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Arruego, Ignacio; García-Menéndez, Elisa; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Toledo, D.; Wolff, Michael; Zorzano, María-Paz; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)Ozone plays a key role in both atmospheric chemistry and UV absorption in planetary atmospheres. On Mars, upper-tropospheric ozone has been widely characterized by space-based instruments. However, surface ozone remains poorly characterized, hindered by the limited sensitivity of orbiters to the lowest scale height of the atmosphere and challenges in delivering payloads to the surface of Mars, which have prevented, to date, the measurement of ozone from the surface of Mars. Systematic measurements from the Martian surface could advance our knowledge of the atmospheric chemistry and habitability potential of this planet. NASA’s Mars 2020 mission includes the first ozone detector deployed on the Martian surface, which is based on discrete photometric observations in the ultraviolet band, a simple technology that could obtain the first insights into total ozone abundance in preparation for more sophisticated measurement techniques. This paper describes the Mars 2020 ozone detector and its retrieval algorithm, including its performance under different sources of uncertainty and the potential application of the retrieval algorithm on other missions, such as NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory. Pre-landing simulations using the UVISMART radiative transfer model suggest that the retrieval is robust and that it can deal with common issues affecting surface operations in Martian missions, although the expected low ozone abundance and instrument uncertainties could challenge its characterization in tropical latitudes of the planet. Other space missions will potentially include sensors of similar technology.
