Persona: Arruego, Ignacio
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Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
El Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial es el Organismo Público de Investigación (OPI) dependiente del Ministerio de Defensa. Además de realizar actividades de investigación científica y de desarrollo de sistemas y prototipos en su ámbito de conocimiento, presta servicios tecnológicos a empresas, universidades e instituciones.
El INTA está especializado en la investigación y el desarrollo tecnológico, de carácter dual, en los ámbitos de la Aeronáutica, Espacio, Hidrodinámica, Seguridad y Defensa.
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Publicación Restringido Mars Connect: Surface-Orbital Radio-Communication System on Mars. Design and Testing(European Space Agency (ESA), 2025-05) Ruiz Carrasco, Jose Raimundo; Serrano Santos, Felipe; Plaza Gallardo, Borja; Poyatos Martinez, David; Arruego, IgnacioThe exploration of Mars has been developed by multiple vehicles (rovers and orbiters) deployed since the dawn of the space race, and lately with the Perseverance mission. The acquisition of data and samples is relevant to study the planet and prepare future manned missions. In this regard, the National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA) performs R+D of impact probes; in particular, the Mars Connect mission aims to establish an operational probe network on Mars for the acquisition and transmission of atmospheric data. This will provide better understanding of the planet's atmospheric dynamics and help to reduce risks for future landings on Mars. The required surface-orbital telecommunication system must perform a UHF band network, linking probes with Mars orbiters, and operate under severe environmental, impact (up to 150 m/s), and reduced space conditions (probes diameter 28 cm), among others. In addition, interoperability with orbiters requires the system to comply with the Proximity-1 normative. This paper will cover the design and testing of the system and its main components: - Section 1 will include the approach and engineering of the telecommunication system that has to meet severe performance and condition requirements. The Mars-space propagation model and system link budget will also be defined. - Section 2 and 3 will be dedicated to the R+D approach of the transceiver and the antenna respectively, as main elements of the system. - Section 4 will present the testing of the telecommunication system and its elements at INTA facilities, including mechanical, environmental and performance qualification following space normative and mission requirements. Testing setup definition will be shown for the transceiver. - Final Section 5 will explain the situation and future work regarding R+D and testing of the Mars Connect mission telecommunication system.Publicación Restringido Magnetic giant magnetoresistance commercial off the shelf for space applications(AIP Publishing, 2008-02-13) Díaz Michelena, Marina; Oelschlägel, W.; Arruego, Ignacio; Del Real, R. P.; Mateos, J. A. D.; Merayo, J. M.The increase of complexity and miniaturizing level of Aerospace platforms make use of commercial off the shelf (COTS) components constitute a plausible alternative to the use of military or rad-tolerant components. In this work, giant magnetoresistance commercial sensors are studied to be used as COTS, the next missions to be launched in the framework of the Spanish National Space Program: OPTOS and SEOSAT. This technology of magnetic sensors is interesting due to their high operating range up to 2mT and the high temperature dynamic range from −50 up to 150°C. However, in contrast, it presents high hysteresis and nonlinearity, temperature dependence, and poor repeatability. To improve the hysteretic, nonlinear and nonrepetitive behavior, a method consisting of a combination of reset and biasing has been designed and implemented for the ±75𝜇T linear region centered around 300–375𝜇T biasing field.Publicación Restringido In-orbit measurement of SET and DD fffects on optical wireless links for intra-satellite data transmission(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2011-11-01) Arruego, Ignacio; Martínez, Javier; Guerrero, H.; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)In-orbit measurements of two experimental optical-wireless data links on board a polar LEO (Low Earth Orbit) spacecraft are presented. The effects of single event transients on the bit error rate, as well as those of displacement damage on the optoelectronic components being used, were measured. The results are consistent with those obtained from proton irradiations carried out in ground facilities.Publicación Acceso Abierto The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, MEDA. A Suite of Environmental Sensors for the Mars 2020 Mission(Springer Link, 2021-04-13) Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Alonso, A.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Arruego, Ignacio; Atienza, T.; Banfield, D.; Boland, J.; Carrera, M. A.; Castañer, L.; Ceballos Cáceres, J.; Chen Chen, H.; Cobos, A.; Conrad, Pamela G.; Cordoba, E.; Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Domínguez Pumar, M.; Espejo, S.; Fairén, Alberto G.; Fernández Palma, A.; Ferrándiz, Ricardo; Ferri, F.; Fischer, E.; García Manchado, A.; García Villadangos, M.; Genzer, María; Giménez, Á.; Gómez Elvira, J.; Gómez, Felipe; Guzewich, Scott; Harri, Ari-Matti; Hernández, C. D.; Hieta, M.; Hueso, R.; Jaakonaho, I.; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Jiménez, V.; Larman, A.; Leiter, R.; Lepinette Malvitte, A.; Lemmon, M. T.; López, G.; Madsen, Soren N.; Mäkinen, T.; Marín Jiménez, M.; Martín Soler, J.; Martínez, Germán M.; Molina, A.; Mora Sotomayor, L.; Moreno Álvarez, J. F.; Navarro López, Sara; Newman, C. E.; Ortega, Cristina; Parrondo, María Concepción; Peinado, V.; Peña, A.; Pérez Grande, I.; Pérez Hoyos, S.; Pla García, J.; Polkko, J.; Postigo, M.; Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga; Rafkin, Scot C. R.; Ramos, Miguel; Richardson, M. I.; Romeral, J.; Romero Guzmán, Catalina; Runyon, Kirby; Saiz López, A.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Sard, I.; Schofield, J. T.; Sebastián, E.; Smith, Michael D.; Sullivan, Robert; Tamppari, L. K.; Thompson, A. D.; Toledo, D.; Torrero, F.; Torres, J.; Urquí, R.; Velasco, T.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Zurita, S.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); European Research Council (ERC); Gobierno Vasco; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A. [0000-0003-0461-9815]; Saiz López, A. [0000-0002-0060-1581]; Chen, H. [0000-0001-9662-0308]; Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0002-2587-4682]NASA’s Mars 2020 (M2020) rover mission includes a suite of sensors to monitor current environmental conditions near the surface of Mars and to constrain bulk aerosol properties from changes in atmospheric radiation at the surface. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) consists of a set of meteorological sensors including wind sensor, a barometer, a relative humidity sensor, a set of 5 thermocouples to measure atmospheric temperature at ∼1.5 m and ∼0.5 m above the surface, a set of thermopiles to characterize the thermal IR brightness temperatures of the surface and the lower atmosphere. MEDA adds a radiation and dust sensor to monitor the optical atmospheric properties that can be used to infer bulk aerosol physical properties such as particle size distribution, non-sphericity, and concentration. The MEDA package and its scientific purpose are described in this document as well as how it responded to the calibration tests and how it helps prepare for the human exploration of Mars. A comparison is also presented to previous environmental monitoring payloads landed on Mars on the Viking, Pathfinder, Phoenix, MSL, and InSight spacecraft.Publicación Acceso Abierto Using the Perseverance MEDA-RDS to identify and track dust devils and dust-lifting gust fronts(Frontiers, 2023-10-11) Toledo, D.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Martínez Oter, J.; Franchi, Fulvio; Serrano, F.; Yela González, Margarita; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Arruego, Ignacio; European Commission (EC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)In the framework of the Europlanet 2024 Research Infrastructure Transnational Access programme, a terrestrial field campaign was conducted from 29 September to 6 October 2021 in Makgadikgadi Salt Pans (Botswana). The main goal of the campaign was to study in situ the impact of the dust devils (DDs) on the observations made by the radiometer Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS), which is part of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument, on board NASA’s Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. Several DDs and dust lifting events caused by non-vortex wind gusts were detected using the RDS, and the different impacts of these events were analyzed in the observations. DD diameter, advection velocity, and trajectory were derived from the RDS observations, and then, panoramic videos of such events were used to validate these results. The instrument signal variations produced by dust lifting (by vortices or wind gusts) in Makgadikgadi Pans are similar to those observed on Mars with the RDS, showing the potential of this location as a Martian DD analog.Publicación Acceso Abierto Convective Vortices and Dust Devils Detected and Characterized by Mars 2020(AGU Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2023-02-10) Hueso, R.; Newman, C. E.; Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.; Munguira, A.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Toledo, D.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Arruego, Ignacio; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Martínez, Germán M.; Lemmon, M. T.; Lorenz, Ralph; Richardson, M. I.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Tamppari, L. K.; Murdoch, N.; Navarro López, Sara; Gómez Elvira, J.; Baker, M.; Pla García, J.; Harri, Ari-Matti; Hieta, M.; Genzer, María; Polkko, J.; Jaakonaho, I.; Makinen, Terhi; Stott, Alexander; Mimoun, D.; Chide, B.; Sebastián Martínez, Eduardo; Banfield, D.; Lepinette Malvitte, A.; Gobierno Vasco; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL); Arizona State University (ASU); Universities Space Research Association (USRA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Comunidad de Madrid; Academy of Finland (AKA); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737We characterize vortex and dust devils (DDs) at Jezero from pressure and winds obtained with the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) instrument on Mars 2020 over 415 Martian days (sols) (Ls = 6°–213°). Vortices are abundant (4.9 per sol with pressure drops >0.5 Pa correcting from gaps in coverage) and they peak at noon. At least one in every five vortices carries dust, and 75% of all vortices with Δp > 2.0 Pa are dusty. Seasonal variability was small but DDs were abundant during a dust storm (Ls = 152°–156°). Vortices are more frequent and intense over terrains with lower thermal inertia favoring high daytime surface-to-air temperature gradients. We fit measurements of winds and pressure during DD encounters to models of vortices. We obtain vortex diameters that range from 5 to 135 m with a mean of 20 m, and from the frequency of close encounters we estimate a DD activity of 2.0–3.0 DDs km−2 sol−1. A comparison of MEDA observations with a Large Eddy Simulation of Jezero at Ls = 45° produces a similar result. Three 100-m size DDs passed within 30 m of the rover from what we estimate that the activity of DDs with diameters >100 m is 0.1 DDs km−2sol−1, implying that dust lifting is dominated by the largest vortices in Jezero. At least one vortex had a central pressure drop of 9.0 Pa and internal winds of 25 ms−1. The MEDA wind sensors were partially damaged during two DD encounters whose characteristics we elaborate in detail.Publicación Restringido Proton monitor las dos torres: First Intercomparison of In-Orbit Results(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2012-03-09) Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Oter, J. M.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Hernando, Carlos; Ibarmia, S.; Hajdas, W.; Sanchez Péramo, J.; Álvarez, Maite; Arruego, Ignacio; Guerrero, H.; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)A new proton monitor on board NANOSAT-1B-Las Dos Torres (translated: The Two Towers)-and its preliminary results after two years in orbit and its intercomparison to a RadFET and to trapped proton models are presented. This satellite was fully developed by INTA (National Institute of Aerospace Technology, Spain) and was launched on July 29, 2009. The instrument includes two stacks of radiation-sensing elements: the "dark" and "light" towers. The displacement damage was measured, both through the increase of a photodiode dark current ("dark tower") and the decrease of the photocurrent signal in a photodiode optically linked to light emitting diodes ("light tower"). The instrument was also designed to monitor the ionization current of the photodiodes and the variations in the proton flux in the South Atlantic Anomaly.Publicación Acceso Abierto COTS-Based Wireless Magnetic Sensor for Small Satellites(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2010-05-06) Díaz Michelena, Marina; Arruego, Ignacio; Oter, J. M.; Guerrero, H.We report on the utilization of a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) magnetic sensor for the mission NANOSAT-01 and the set of tests that have been developed to up-screen it. The magnetic sensor head is a Wheatstone bridge formed by four anisotropic magnetoresistances (AMR). AMR sensors are an adequate choice for medium- to high-sensitivity (~3 mV/V/G) and resolution (~ 3 ¿G) requirements, mostly due to their low weight and volume that are so interesting for the aerospace industry. The whole system installed in NANOSAT-01 is formed by two biaxial sensors with two redundant PCBs (printed circuit boards) of RAD-HARD proximity electronics, which conditions the AMR output signal, measure the temperature, and resets the AMR. This magnetic sensor belongs to the attitude control system (ACS) of the satellite.Publicación Acceso Abierto Drying of the Martian mesosphere during aphelion induced by lower temperatures(Springer Nature, 2024-11-20) Toledo, D.; Rannou, P.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Rodríguez Veloso, Raúl; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Arruego, Ignacio; Martínez, Germán M.; Tamppari, L. K.; Munguira, A.; Lorenz, Ralph; Stcherbinine, Aurélien; Montmessin, F.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Patel, P.; Smith, Michael D.; Lemmon, M. T.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Newman, C. E.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Hueso, R.; Bertrand, T.; Pla García, J.; Yela González, Margarita; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Gobierno Vasco; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Instituto de Astrofísica de Cantabria, MDM-2017-0765The formation of water ice clouds or hazes on Mars imposes substantial limitations on the vertical transport of water into the middle-upper atmosphere, impacting the planet’s hydrogen loss. Recent observations made by the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument onboard Mars 2020 Perseverance rover have shown a marked decline in water ice abundance within the mesosphere (above 35-40 km) when Mars is near its aphelion (near the northern summer solstice), notably occurring during solar longitudes (Ls) between Ls 70∘ and 80∘. Orbital observations around the same latitudes indicate that temperatures between ~ 30-40 km reach a minimum during the same period. Using cloud microphysics simulations, we demonstrate that this decrease in temperature effectively increases the amount of water cold-trapped at those altitudes, confining water ice condensation to lower altitudes. Similarly, the reinforcement of the cold trap induced by the lower temperatures results in significant reductions in the water vapor mixing ratio above 35–40 km, explaining the confinement of water vapor observed around aphelion from orbiters.Publicación Acceso Abierto Hexagonal Prisms Form in Water-Ice Clouds on Mars, Producing Halo Displays Seen by Perseverance Rover(AGU Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2022-10-03) Lemmon, M. T.; Toledo, D.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Arruego, Ignacio; Wolff, Michael; Patel, P.; Guzewich, Scott; Colaprete, A.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Tamppari, L. K.; Montmessin, F.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Maki, Justin N.; McConnochie, Tim H.; Brown, Adrian Jon; Bell, J. F.; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Arizona State University (ASU); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Gobierno Vasco; European Research Council (ERC); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Observations by several cameras on the Perseverance rover showed a 22° scattering halo around the Sun over several hours during northern midsummer (solar longitude 142°). Such a halo has not previously been seen beyond Earth. The halo occurred during the aphelion cloud belt season and the cloudiest time yet observed from the Perseverance site. The halo required crystalline water-ice cloud particles in the form of hexagonal columns large enough for refraction to be significant, at least 11 μm in diameter and length. From a possible 40–50 km altitude, and over the 3.3 hr duration of the halo, particles could have fallen 3–12 km, causing downward transport of water and dust. Halo-forming clouds are likely rare due to the high supersaturation of water that is required but may be more common in northern subtropical regions during northern midsummer.
