Persona: Parro, Víctor
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Centro de Astrobiologia
El Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) es un centro mixto de investigación en astrobiología, dependiente tanto del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) como del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).
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Publicación Acceso Abierto Roadmap for naming uncultivated Archaea and Bacteria(Springer Nature Research Journals, 2020-06-08) Murray, A. E.; Freudenstein, J.; Gribaldo, S.; Hatzenpichler, R.; Hugenholtz, P.; Kämpfer, P.; Konstantinidis, K. T.; Lane, C. E.; Papke, R. T.; Parks, D. H.; Rosselló Móra, Ramon; Stott, M. B.; Sutcliffe, I. C.; Thrash, J. C.; Venter, S. N.; Whitman, W. B.; Acinas, S. G.; Amann, R.; Anantharaman, K.; Armengaud, J.; Baker, B. J.; Barco, R. A.; Bode, H. B.; Boyd, E. S.; Brady, C. L.; Carini, P.; Chain, P. S. G.; Colman, D. R.; De Angelis, K. M.; Ríos, M. A.; De los Santos, P. E.; Dunlap, C. A.; Eisen, J. A.; Emerson, D.; Ettema, T. J. G.; Eveillard, D.; Girguis, P. R.; Hentschel, U.; Hollibaugh, J. T.; Hug, L. A.; Inskeep, W. P.; Ivanova, E. P.; Klenk, H. P.; Li, W. J.; Lloyd, K. G.; Löffler, F. E.; Makhalanyane, T. P.; Moser, D. P.; Nunoura, T.; Palmer, Marike; Parro, Víctor; Pedros Alió, C.; Probst, A. J.; Smits, T. H. M.; Steen, A. D.; Steenkamp, E. T.; Spang, A.; Stewart, F. J.; Tiedje, J. M.; Vandamme, P.; Wagner, M.; Wang, F. P.; Yarza, P.; Hedlund, B. P.; Reysenbach, A. L.; National Science Foundation (NSF); Murray, A. E. [0000-0001-5790-7584]; Gribaldo, S. [0000-0002-7662-021X]; Hatzenpichler, R. [0000-0002-5489-3444]; Hugenholtz, P. [0000-0001-5386-7925]; Lane, C. [0000-0003-2558-2767]; Parks, D. H. [0000-0001-6662-9010]; Stott, M. B. [0000-0002-2082-9460]; Thrash, J. C. [0000-0003-0896-9986]; Anantharaman, K. [0000-0002-9584-2491]; Armegaud, J. [0000-0003-1589-445X]; Bode, H. B. [0000-0001-6048-5909]; De Angelis, K. M. [0000-0002-5585-4551]; De los Santos, P. E. [0000-0003-2407-0284]; Eisen, J. A. [0000-0002-0159-2197]; Ettema, T. J. G. [0000-0002-6898-6377]; Eveillard, D. [0000-0002-8162-7360]; Hentschel, U. [0000-0003-0596-790X]; Inskeep, W. P. [0000-0002-5203-817X]; Klenk, H. P. [0000-0001-6758-8150]; Palmer, M. [0000-0001-8395-8465]; Probst, A. [0000-0002-9392-6544]; Smits, T. H. M. [0000-0002-1237-235X]; Steen, A. D. [0000-0003-4297-4332]; Spang, A. [0000-0002-6518-8556]; Wang, F. [0000-0002-3429-8410]; Hedlund, B. [0000-0001-8530-0448]; Reysenbach, A. L. [0000-0001-9130-7750]; Amann, R. [0000-0002-0846-7372]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The assembly of single-amplified genomes (SAGs) and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) has led to a surge in genome-based discoveries of members affiliated with Archaea and Bacteria, bringing with it a need to develop guidelines for nomenclature of uncultivated microorganisms. The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) only recognizes cultures as ‘type material’, thereby preventing the naming of uncultivated organisms. In this Consensus Statement, we propose two potential paths to solve this nomenclatural conundrum. One option is the adoption of previously proposed modifications to the ICNP to recognize DNA sequences as acceptable type material; the other option creates a nomenclatural code for uncultivated Archaea and Bacteria that could eventually be merged with the ICNP in the future. Regardless of the path taken, we believe that action is needed now within the scientific community to develop consistent rules for nomenclature of uncultivated taxa in order to provide clarity and stability, and to effectively communicate microbial diversityPublicación Acceso Abierto Geomicrobiological Heterogeneity of Lithic Habitats in the Extreme Environment of Antarctic Nunataks: A Potential Early Mars Analog(Extreme Microbiology, 2021-07-02) Fernández Martínez, Miguel Ángel; García Villadangos, M.; Moreno Paz, Mercedes; Gangloff, V.; Carrizo, D.; Blanco, Yolanda; González, Y.; González, S.; Sánchez García, Laura; Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga; Altshuler, I.; Whyte, Lyle; Parro, Víctor; Fairén, Alberto G.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); European Research Council (ERC); Comunidad de Madrid; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Nunataks are permanent ice-free rocky peaks that project above ice caps in polar regions, thus being exposed to extreme climatic conditions throughout the year. They undergo extremely low temperatures and scarcity of liquid water in winter, while receiving high incident and reflected (albedo) UVA-B radiation in summer. Here, we investigate the geomicrobiology of the permanently exposed lithic substrates of nunataks from Livingston Island (South Shetlands, Antarctic Peninsula), with focus on prokaryotic community structure and their main metabolic traits. Contrarily to first hypothesis, an extensive sampling based on different gradients and multianalytical approaches demonstrated significant differences for most geomicrobiological parameters between the bedrock, soil, and loose rock substrates, which overlapped any other regional variation. Brevibacillus genus dominated on bedrock and soil substrates, while loose rocks contained a diverse microbial community, including Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and abundant Cyanobacteria inhabiting the milder and diverse microhabitats within. Archaea, a domain never described before in similar Antarctic environments, were also consistently found in the three substrates, but being more abundant and potentially more active in soils. Stable isotopic ratios of total carbon (δ 13C) and nitrogen (δ 15N), soluble anions concentrations, and the detection of proteins involved in key metabolisms via the Life Detector Chip (LDChip), suggest that microbial primary production has a pivotal role in nutrient cycling at these exposed areas with limited deposition of nutrients. Detection of stress-resistance proteins, such as molecular chaperons, suggests microbial molecular adaptation mechanisms to cope with these harsh conditions. Since early Mars may have encompassed analogous environmental conditions as the ones found in these Antarctic nunataks, our study also contributes to the understanding of the metabolic features and biomarker profiles of a potential Martian microbiota, as well as the use of LDChip in future life detection missions.Publicación Acceso Abierto Environmental parameters, and not phylogeny, determine the composition of extracellular polymeric substances in microbial mats from extreme environments(Elsevier, 2019-02-10) Blanco, Yolanda; Rivas, Luis Alfonso; González-Toril, Elena; Ruiz-Bermejo, Marta; Moreno Paz, Mercedes; Parro, Víctor; Palacín, Arantxa; Aguilera, Angeles; Puente Sánchez, Fernando; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)The ability to establish biofilms is a key trait for microorganisms growing in extreme environments. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) present in biofilms provide not only surface attachment, but also protection against all kinds of environmental stressors, including desiccation, salinity, temperature or heavy metal pollution. The acquisition of suitable biofilm characteristics might thus be an important process mediating the adaptation of microorganisms to novel environmental conditions. In this work we have characterized the EPS of 20 phylogenetically diverse biofilms collected in situ from five contrasting extreme environments, including two geothermal areas (Copahue, Argentina; Seltun, Iceland), two cold areas (Pastoruri glacier, Peru; Byers Peninsula, Antarctica) and one extremely acidic river (Río Tinto, Spain). Biofilms were subjected to biochemical characterization, glycan profiling and immunoprofiling with an antibody microarray. Our results showed that environmental conditions strongly influence biofilm characteristics, with microorganisms from the same environment achieving similar EPS compositions regardless of the phylogeny of their main species. The concentration of some monosaccharides in the EPS could be related to environmental conditions such as temperature or heavy metal toxicity, suggesting that in some cases stress resistance can be mediated by specific sugars. Overall, our results highlight the existence of conserved EPS compositional patterns for each extreme environment, which could in turn be exploited to engineer ecological adaptations in genetically modified microorganisms.Publicación Restringido Mars-like UV Flux and Ionizing Radiation Differently Affect Biomarker Detectability in the Desert Cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis as Revealed by the Life Detector Chip Antibody Microarray(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers, 2022-10-03) Billi, Daniela; Blanco, Yolanda; Ianneo, Andrea; Moreno Paz, Mercedes; Aguirre, Jacobo; Baqué, Mickael; Moeller, Ralf; De Vera, Jean Pierre; Parro, VíctorThe effect of a Mars-like UV flux and γ-radiation on the detectability of biomarkers in dried cells of Chroococcidiopsis sp. CCMEE 029 was investigated using a fluorescence sandwich microarray immunoassay. The production of anti-Chroococcidiopsis antibodies allowed the immunoidentification of a reduced, though still detectable, signal in dried cells mixed with phyllosilicatic and sulfatic Mars regolith simulants after exposure to 6.8 × 105 kJ/m2 of a Mars-like UV flux. No signal was detected in dried cells that were not mixed with minerals after 1.4 × 105 kJ/m2. For γ-radiation (60Co), no detectable variations of the fluorescence signal occurred in dried cells exposed to 113 kGy compared to non-irradiated dried cells. Our results suggest that immunoassay-based techniques could be used to detect life tracers eventually present in the martian subsurface in freshly excavated materials only if shielded from solar UV. The high structural integrity of biomarkers irradiated with γ-radiation that mimics a dose accumulated in 13 Myr at 2 m depth from the martian surface has implications for the potential detectability of similar organic molecules/compounds by future life-detection missions such as the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover.Publicación Acceso Abierto The Complex Molecules Detector (CMOLD): A Fluidic-Based Instrument Suite to Search for (Bio)chemical Complexity on Mars and Icy Moons(Mary Ann Liebert Publishers, 2020-09-15) Fairén, Alberto G.; Gómez Elvira, J.; Briones, C.; Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; López Heredero, Raquel; Belenguer Dávila, T.; Moral, A.; Moreno Paz, Mercedes; Parro, Víctor; European Research Council (ERC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Briones, C. [0000-0003-2213-8353]; Prieto Ballesteros, O. [0000-0002-2278-1210]; López Heredero, R. [0000-0002-2197-8388]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Organic chemistry is ubiquitous in the Solar System, and both Mars and a number of icy satellites of the outer Solar System show substantial promise for having hosted or hosting life. Here, we propose a novel astrobiologically focused instrument suite that could be included as scientific payload in future missions to Mars or the icy moons: the Complex Molecules Detector, or CMOLD. CMOLD is devoted to determining different levels of prebiotic/biotic chemical and structural targets following a chemically general approach (i.e., valid for both terrestrial and nonterrestrial life), as well as their compatibility with terrestrial life. CMOLD is based on a microfluidic block that distributes a liquid suspension sample to three instruments by using complementary technologies: (1) novel microscopic techniques for identifying ultrastructures and cell-like morphologies, (2) Raman spectroscopy for detecting universal intramolecular complexity that leads to biochemical functionality, and (3) bioaffinity-based systems (including antibodies and aptamers as capture probes) for finding life-related and nonlife-related molecular structures. We highlight our current developments to make this type of instruments flight-ready for upcoming Mars missions: the Raman spectrometer included in the science payload of the ESAs Rosalind Franklin rover (Raman Laser Spectrometer instrument) to be launched in 2022, and the biomarker detector that was included as payload in the NASA Icebreaker lander mission proposal (SOLID instrument). CMOLD is a robust solution that builds on the combination of three complementary, existing techniques to cover a wide spectrum of targets in the search for (bio)chemical complexity in the Solar System.Publicación Acceso Abierto Detecting Nonvolatile Life- and Nonlife-Derived Organics in a Carbonaceous Chondrite Analogue with a New Multiplex Immunoassay and Its Relevance for Planetary Exploration(Mary Ann Liebert, 2018-08-01) Parro, Víctor; Moreno Paz, Mercedes; Gómez Cifuentes, Ana; Ruiz-Bermejo, Marta; Hofstetter, Oliver; Maquieira, Ángel; Manchado, J. M.; Morais, Sergi; Sephton, Mark A.; Niessner, Reinhard; Knopp, Dietmar; Zorzano, María-Paz; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)Potential martian molecular targets include those supplied by meteoritic carbonaceous chondrites such as amino acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and true biomarkers stemming from any hypothetical martian biota (organic architectures that can be directly related to once-living organisms). Heat extraction and pyrolysis-based methods currently used in planetary exploration are highly aggressive and very often modify the target molecules, making their identification a cumbersome task. We have developed and validated a mild, nondestructive, multiplex inhibitory microarray immunoassay and demonstrated its implementation in the SOLID (Signs of Life Detector) instrument for simultaneous detection of several nonvolatile life- and nonlife-derived organic molecules relevant in planetary exploration and environmental monitoring. By utilizing a set of highly specific antibodies that recognize D- or L-aromatic amino acids (Phe, Tyr, Trp), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), pentachlorophenol, and sulfone-containing aromatic compounds, respectively, the assay was validated in the SOLID instrument for the analysis of carbon-rich samples used as analogues of the organic material in carbonaceous chondrites or even Mars samples. Most of the antibodies enabled sensitivities at the 1–10 ppb level and some even at the part-per-trillion level. The multiplex immunoassay allowed the detection of B[a]P as well as aromatic sulfones in a water/methanol extract of an Early Cretaceous lignite sample (ca. 140 Ma) representing type IV kerogen. No L- or D-aromatic amino acids were detected, reflecting the advanced diagenetic stage and the fossil nature of the sample. The results demonstrate the ability of the liquid extraction by ultrasonication and the versatility of the multiplex inhibitory immunoassays in the SOLID instrument to discriminate between organic matter derived from life and nonlife processes, an essential step toward life detection outside Earth.Publicación Acceso Abierto Simulating Mars Drilling Mission for Searching for Life: Ground-Truthing Lipids and Other Complex Microbial Biomarkers in the Iron-Sulfur Rich Río Tinto Analog.(Mary Ann Liebert Publishers, 2020-09-15) Sánchez García, Laura; Fernández Martínez, Miguel Ángel; Moreno Paz, Mercedes; Carrizo, D.; García Villadangos, M.; Manchado, J. M.; Stoker, C. R.; Glass, B.; Parro, Víctor; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Sánchez García, L. [0000-0002-7444-1242]; Carrizo, D. [0000-0003-1568-4591]; Fernández Martínez, M. A. [0000-0003-1694-7832]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Sulfate and iron oxide deposits in Río Tinto (Southwestern Spain) are a terrestrial analog of early martian hematite-rich regions. Understanding the distribution and drivers of microbial life in iron-rich environments can give critical clues on how to search for biosignatures on Mars. We simulated a robotic drilling mission searching for signs of life in the martian subsurface, by using a 1m-class planetary prototype drill mounted on a full-scale mockup of NASA's Phoenix and InSight lander platforms. We demonstrated fully automated and aseptic drilling on iron and sulfur rich sediments at the Río Tinto riverbanks, and sample transfer and delivery to sterile containers and analytical instruments. As a ground-truth study, samples were analyzed in the field with the life detector chip immunoassay for searching microbial markers, and then in the laboratory with X-ray diffraction to determine mineralogy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for lipid composition, isotope-ratio mass spectrometry for isotopic ratios, and 16S/18S rRNA genes sequencing for biodiversity. A ubiquitous presence of microbial biomarkers distributed along the 1m-depth subsurface was influenced by the local mineralogy and geochemistry. The spatial heterogeneity of abiotic variables at local scale highlights the importance of considering drill replicates in future martian drilling missions. The multi-analytical approach provided proof of concept that molecular biomarkers varying in compositional nature, preservation potential, and taxonomic specificity can be recovered from shallow drilling on iron-rich Mars analogues by using an automated life-detection lander prototype, such as the one proposed for NASA's IceBreaker mission proposal.Publicación Acceso Abierto Biomarker Profiling of Microbial Mats in the Geothermal Band of Cerro Caliente, Deception Island (Antarctica): Life at the Edge of Heat and Cold(Mary Ann Liebert, 2019-12-04) Lezcano, M. A.; Moreno Paz, Mercedes; Carrizo, D.; Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga; Fernández Martínez, Miguel Ángel; Sánchez García, Laura; Blanco, Yolanda; Puente Sánchez, Fernando; De Diego Castilla, Graciela; García Villadangos, M.; Fairén, A.; Parro, Víctor; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); European Commission (EC); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Substrate–atmosphere interfaces in Antarctic geothermal environments are hot–cold regions that constitute thin habitable niches for microorganisms with possible counterparts in ancient Mars. Cerro Caliente hill in Deception Island (active volcano in the South Shetland Islands) is affected by ascending hydrothermal fluids that form a band of warm substrates buffered by low air temperatures. We investigated the influence of temperature on the community structure and metabolism of three microbial mats collected along the geothermal band of Cerro Caliente registering 88°C, 8°C, and 2°C at the time of collection. High-throughput sequencing of small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rRNA) genes and Life Detector Chip (LDChip) microarray immunoassays revealed different bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic composition in the three mats. The mat at 88°C showed the less diverse microbial community and a higher proportion of thermophiles (e.g., Thermales). In contrast, microbial communities in the mats at 2°C and 8°C showed relatively higher diversity and higher proportion of psychrophiles (e.g., Flavobacteriales). Despite this overall association, similar microbial structures at the phylum level (particularly the presence of Cyanobacteria) and certain hot- and cold-tolerant microorganisms were identified in the three mats. Daily thermal oscillations recorded in the substrate over the year (4.5–76°C) may explain the coexistence of microbial fingerprints with different thermal tolerances. Stable isotope composition also revealed metabolic differences among the microbial mats. Carbon isotopic ratios suggested the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle as the major pathway for carbon dioxide fixation in the mats at 2°C and 8°C, and the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and/or the 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle for the mat at 88°C, indicating different metabolisms as a function of the prevailing temperature of each mat. The comprehensive biomarker profile on the three microbial mats from Cerro Caliente contributes to unravel the diversity, composition, and metabolism in geothermal polar sites and highlights the relevance of geothermal-cold environments to create habitable niches with interest in other planetary environments.Publicación Acceso Abierto Viable cyanobacteria in the deep continental subsurface(National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), 2018-10-01) Puente Sánchez, Fernando; Arce Rodríguez, Alejandro; Oggerin, Monike; García Villadangos, M.; Moreno Paz, Mercedes; Blanco, Yolanda; Rodríguez, Nuria; Bird, Laurence; Lincoln, Sara A.; Tornos, Fernando; Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga; Freeman, Katherine H.; Pieper, Dietmar H.; Timmis, Kenneth N.; Amils Pibernat, R.; Parro, Víctor; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); European Research Council (ERC)Cyanobacteria are ecologically versatile microorganisms inhabiting most environments, ranging from marine systems to arid deserts. Although they possess several pathways for light-independent energy generation, until now their ecological range appeared to be restricted to environments with at least occasional exposure to sunlight. Here we present molecular, microscopic, and metagenomic evidence that cyanobacteria predominate in deep subsurface rock samples from the Iberian Pyrite Belt Mars analog (southwestern Spain). Metagenomics showed the potential for a hydrogen-based lithoautotrophic cyanobacterial metabolism. Collectively, our results suggest that they may play an important role as primary producers within the deep-Earth biosphere. Our description of this previously unknown ecological niche for cyanobacteria paves the way for models on their origin and evolution, as well as on their potential presence in current or primitive biospheres in other planetary bodies, and on the extant, primitive, and putative extraterrestrial biospheres.Publicación Acceso Abierto Fingerprinting molecular and isotopic biosignatures on different hydrothermal scenarios of Iceland, an acidic and sulfur-rich Mars analog(Springer Nature, 2020-12) Sánchez García, Laura; Carrizo, D.; Molina, A.; Muñoz Iglesias, V.; Lezcano, M. A.; Fernández Sampedro, M.; Parro, Víctor; Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga; European Research Council (ERC); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Detecting signs of potential extant/extinct life on Mars is challenging because the presence of organics on that planet is expected to be very low and most likely linked to radiation-protected refugia and/or preservative strategies (e.g., organo-mineral complexes). With scarcity of organics, accounting for biomineralization and potential relationships between biomarkers, mineralogy, and geochemistry is key in the search for extraterrestrial life. Here we explored microbial fingerprints and their associated mineralogy in Icelandic hydrothermal systems analog to Mars (i.e., high sulfur content, or amorphous silica), to identify potentially habitable locations on that planet. The mineralogical assemblage of four hydrothermal substrates (hot springs biofilms, mud pots, and steaming and inactive fumaroles) was analyzed concerning the distribution of biomarkers. Molecular and isotopic composition of lipids revealed quantitative and compositional differences apparently impacted by surface geothermal alteration and environmental factors. pH and water showed an influence (i.e., greatest biomass in circumneutral settings with highest supply and turnover of water), whereas temperature conditioned the mineralogy that supported specific microbial metabolisms related with sulfur. Raman spectra suggested the possible coexistence of abiotic and biomediated sources of minerals (i.e., sulfur or hematite). These findings may help to interpret future Raman or GC–MS signals in forthcoming Martian missions.
