Persona: Zorzano, María-Paz
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Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
El Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial es el Organismo Público de Investigación (OPI) dependiente del Ministerio de Defensa. Además de realizar actividades de investigación científica y de desarrollo de sistemas y prototipos en su ámbito de conocimiento, presta servicios tecnológicos a empresas, universidades e instituciones.
El INTA está especializado en la investigación y el desarrollo tecnológico, de carácter dual, en los ámbitos de la Aeronáutica, Espacio, Hidrodinámica, Seguridad y Defensa.
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Publicación Acceso Abierto Aerosol radiative impact during the summer 2019 heatwave produced partly by an inter-continental Saharan dust outbreak – Part 1: Short-wave dust direct radiative effect(European Geoscience Union (EGU), 2021-04-30) Córdoba Jabonero, C.; Sicard, M.; López Cayuela, M. A.; Ansmann, A.; Comerón, A.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Rodríguez Gómez, A.; Muñóz Porcar, C.; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); European Research Council (ERC); Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Córdoba Jabonero, C. [0000-0003-4859-471X]; Sicard, M. [0000-0001-8287-9693]; López Cayuela, M. A. [0000-0002-8825-830X]; Comerón, A. [0000-0001-6886-3679]; Rodríguez Gómez, A. [0000-0002-9209-0685]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Grupo de investigación en Teledetección, Antenas, Microondas y Superconductividad UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE CATALUNYA, MDM-2016-0600; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The short-wave (SW) direct radiative effect (DRE) during the summer 2019 heatwave produced partly by a moderate, long-lasting Saharan dust outbreak over Europe is analysed in this study. Two European sites (periods) are considered: Barcelona, Spain (23–30 June), and Leipzig, Germany (29 and 30 June), 1350 km apart from each other. Major data are obtained from AERONET and polarised Micro-Pulse Lidar (P-MPL) observations. Modelling is used to describe the different dust pathways, as observed at both sites. The coarse dust (Dc) and fine dust (Df) components (with total dust, DD = Dc + Df) are identified in the profiles of the total particle backscatter coefficient using the POLIPHON (POlarisation LIdar PHOtometer Networking) method in synergy with P-MPL measurements. This information is used to calculate the relative mass loading and the centre-of-mass height, as well as the contribution of each dust mode to the total dust DRE. Several aspects of the ageing of dust are put forward. The mean dust optical depth and its ratios are, respectively, 0.153 and 24 % in Barcelona and 0.039 and 38 % in Leipzig; this Df increase in Leipzig is attributed to a longer dust transport path in comparison to Barcelona. The dust produced a cooling effect on the surface with a mean daily DRE of −9.1 and −2.5 W m−2, respectively, in Barcelona and Leipzig, but the DRE ratio is larger for Leipzig (52 %) than for Barcelona (37 %). Cooling is also observed at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), although less intense than on the surface. However, the DRE ratio at the TOA is even higher (45 % and 60 %, respectively, in Barcelona and Leipzig) than on the surface. Despite the predominance of Dc particles under dusty conditions, the SW radiative impact of Df particles can be comparable to, even higher than, that induced by the Dc ones. In particular, the DRE ratio in Barcelona increases by +2.4 % d−1 (surface) and +2.9 % d−1 (TOA) during the dusty period. This study is completed by a second paper about the long-wave and net radiative effects. These results are especially relevant for the next ESA EarthCARE mission (planned in 2022) as it is devoted to aerosol–cloud–radiation interaction research.Publicación Restringido Measuring electrical conductivity to study the formation of brines under martian conditions(Cambridge University Press, 2021-07-28) Nazarious, Miracle Israel; Ramachandran, Abhilash Vakkada; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737This paper describes a protocol to design experiments to study the formation of brines under Martian conditions and monitor the process with electrical conductivity measurements. We used the Engineering Qualification Model (EQM) of Habitability: Brines, Irradiation, and Temperature (HABIT)/ExoMars 2022 instrument for the experiment setup but we provide a brief account of constructing a simple and inexpensive electrical conductivity measurement setup. The protocol serves to calibrate the electrical conductivity measurements of the salt deliquescence into brine in a simulated Martian environment. The Martian conditions of temperature (-70 °C to 20 °C), relative humidity (0% to 100%) and pressure (7 - 8 mbar) with carbon-dioxide atmosphere were simulated in the SpaceQ Mars simulation chamber, a facility at the Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. The hydrate form of the known amount of salt accommodated between a pair of electrodes and thus the electrical conductivity measured depends predominantly on its water content and the temperature and relative humidity of the system. Electrical conductivity measurements were carried out at 1 Hz while exposing salts to a continuously increasing relative humidity (to force transitioning through various hydrates) at different Martian temperatures. For demonstration, a day-night cycle at Oxia Planum, Mars (the landing site of ExoMars 2022 mission) was recreated.Publicación Acceso Abierto Space Environmental Chamber for Planetary Studies(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2020-07-18) Ramachandran, Abhilash Vakkada; Nazarious, Miracle Israel; Mathanlal, Thasshwin; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; 0000-0003-0499-6370; 0000-0002-7148-8803; 0000-0002-4492-9650; 0000-0001-6479-2236; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737We describe a versatile simulation chamber that operates under representative space conditions (pressures from < 10-5 mbar to ambient and temperatures from 163 to 423 K), the SpaceQ chamber. This chamber allows to test instrumentation, procedures, and materials and evaluate their performance when exposed to outgassing, thermal vacuum, low temperatures, baking, dry heat microbial reduction (DHMR) sterilization protocols, and water. The SpaceQ is a cubical stainless-steel chamber of 27,000 cm3 with a door of aluminum. The chamber has a table which can be cooled using liquid nitrogen. The chamber walls can be heated (for outgassing, thermal vacuum, or dry heat applications) using an outer jacket. The chamber walls include two viewports and 12 utility ports (KF, CF, and Swagelok connectors). It has sensors for temperature, relative humidity, and pressure, a UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer, a UV irradiation lamp that operates within the chamber as well as a stainless-steel syringe for water vapor injection, and USB, DB-25 ports to read the data from the instruments while being tested inside. This facility has been specifically designed for investigating the effect of water on the Martian surface. The core novelties of this chamber are: (1) its ability to simulate the Martian near-surface water cycle by injecting water multiple times into the chamber through a syringe which allows to control and monitor precisely the initial relative humidity inside with a sensor that can operate from vacuum to Martian pressures and (2) the availability of a high-intensity UV lamp, operating from vacuum to Martian pressures, within the chamber, which can be used to test material curation, the role of the production of atmospheric radicals, and the degradation of certain products like polymers and organics. For illustration, here we present some applications of the SpaceQ chamber at simulated Martian conditions with and without atmospheric water to (i) calibrate the ground temperature sensor of the Engineering Qualification Model of HABIT (HabitAbility: Brines, Irradiation and Temperature) instrument, which is a part of ExoMars 2022 mission. These tests demonstrate that the overall accuracy of the temperature retrieval at a temperature between -50 and 10 °C is within 1.3 °C and (ii) investigate the curation of composite materials of Martian soil simulant and binders, with added water, under Martian surface conditions under dry and humid conditions. Our studies have demonstrated that the regolith, when mixed with super absorbent polymer (SAP), water, and binders exposed to Martian conditions, can form a solid block and retain more than 80% of the added water, which may be of interest to screen radiation while maintaining a low weight.Publicación Acceso Abierto Implementing bioburden reduction and control on the deliquescent hydrogel of the HABIT/ExoMars 2022 instrument.(Elsevier BV, 2020-04-21) Mathanlal, Thasshwin; Nazarious, Miracle Israel; Vakkada Ramachandran, A.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Rettberg, P.; Rettberg, P. [0000-0003-4439-2395]; Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Vakkada Ramachandran, A. [0000-0003-0499-6370]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The HabitAbility: Brines, Irradiation and Temperature (HABIT) instrument will be part of the ExoMars 2022 mission (ESA/Roscosmos) and will be the first European In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) instrument capable of producing liquid water on Mars. HABIT is composed by two modules: Environmental Package (EnvPack) and Brine Observation Transition To Liquid Experiment (BOTTLE). EnvPack will help to study the current habitability conditions on Mars investigating the air and surface thermal ranges and Ultraviolet (UV) irradiance; and BOTTLE is a container with four independent vessels housing deliquescent salts, which are known to be present on Mars, where the liquid water will be produced after deliquescence. In order to prevent capillarity of deliquescent or hydrated salts, a mixture of deliquescent salts with Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) based on polyacrylamide is utilized. This mixture has deliquescent and hydrogel properties and can be reused by applying a thermal cycle, complying thus with the purpose of the instrument. A High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) grade filter made of polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) porous membrane sandwiched between spunbounded nonwoven fabric stands as a physical barrier allowing interaction between the gaseous molecules of the Martian atmosphere and the salt mixtures, and at the same time preventing the passage of any potential biological contamination from the cells to the outside or vice-versa. In addition to the physical barrier, a strict bioburden reduction and analysis procedure is applied to the hardware and the contained salt mixtures adhering to the European Cooperation for Space Standardization protocol of microbial examination of flight hardware (ECSS-Q-ST-70-55C). The deliquescent salts and the SAP products need to be properly treated independently to adhere to the planetary protection protocols. In this manuscript, we describe the bioburden reduction process utilized to sterilize the salt mixtures in BOTTLE and the assays adopted to validate the sterilization. We also describe the construction of a low-cost, portable ISO 7 cleanroom tent, exclusively designed for planetary protection tests. The sterilization process involves Dry Heat Microbial Reduction (DHMR) of the deliquescent salts and the SAP mixtures. The performance of SAP after DHMR is validated to ensure its working efficiency after sterilization. A slightly modified version of the standard swab assay is used in the validation process and a comparison is made between samples exposed to a thermal shock treatment and those without thermal shock, to determine the best assay to be applied for future space hardware utilizing such salt mixtures for planetary investigation and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). The demonstration of the compatibility of these products with the processes commonly required for space applications has implications for the future exploration of Mars.Publicación Acceso Abierto Wind retrieval from temperature measurements from the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station/Mars Science Laboratory(Elsevier BV, 2020-08-06) Soria Salinas, Álvaro; Zorzano, María-Paz; Mantas Nakhai, R.; Martín Torres, Javier; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737This work presents a novel method for the real-time retrieval of wind speed on the surface of Mars that uses temperature measurements from the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) instrument onboard the Curiosity rover of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. After final failure of the Wind Sensor (WS) in sol 1491, REMS has not been providing wind data. The new wind retrieval approach that we propose may eventually be able to supply MSL with wind values for contextualizing the rover’s operations and for meteorological studies on the surface of Mars. The new method is based on forced convection modeling of the Air Temperature Sensors (ATS) of REMS as thin rods immersed in the extreme low-pressure and high-radiating atmospheric conditions of the Martian thermal boundary layer at a height of m from the surface. A preliminary validation of the possibilities and limitations of this retrieval has been performed using comparative analysis with existing REMS wind field-site data for the same sols that are available at the Planetary Data System (PDS). We have developed both a “coarse” approach, in which wind speed is determined with no regard to wind direction, and a “refined” method, in which it is attempted to determine both wind speed and direction. Assuming the previously reported WS retrieval errors of 20% for the wind speed, we report an agreement to the WS values of wind speed ranging from 36.4% to 77% of the acquisition time for the “coarse” approach, depending on the sol examined. These promising results are limited to only evening extended acquisitions from 18:00 to 21:00 local mean solar time (LMST). This method could be applied to daytime conditions. The results suggest a new optimal orientation for wind speed retrieval of +60°clockwise with respect to the forward direction of the Curiosity rover, although the technique is not yet ready to be considered for planning of the Curiosity rover operations. This method could extend the wind characterization of the Gale Crater for future Curiosity rover data acquisitions by recycling air temperature measurements and provide the scientific community with a data set for future comparative analysis with the Temperature and Wind Sensors for InSight (TWINS)/InSight, the HabitAbility: Brines, Irradiation and Temperature (HABIT)/ExoMars 2022, and the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA)/Mars 2020 rover instruments.Publicación Acceso Abierto PACKMAN – A portable instrument to investigate space weather(Elsevier BV, 2021-04-12) Mathanlal, Thasshwin; Vakkada Ramachandran, A.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Swedish Space Corporation (SSC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); 0000-0002-4492-9650; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737PACKMAN (PArticle Counter k-index Magnetic ANomaly) is an autonomous, light and robust space weather instrument for operation within the subsurface, surface and atmosphere (as payload in stratospheric balloons) of the Earth. It has been designed using Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components to reduce the cost of each unit and to allow to have multiple units monitoring simultaneously at different sites and also incorporate an open-access citizen science approach. The hardware-core of each PACKMAN units, weights around 600 g and consumes about 500 mA of current at 12 V. PACKMAN has been deployed at multiple latitudes and altitudes ranging from stratospheric heights (corroborating its TRL8 maturity) to subsurface depths of around 1 km. The data from PACKMAN have been compared with the state-of-the-art ground-based observatories, and satellites and scientific observations have been documented. A 3-D network of PACKMAN units operating continuously around the globe, from the subsurface to the stratosphere, would help to improve the understanding of the space weather phenomena, and its implications on the climate and infrastructures. PACKMAN is also an excellent tool for education and outreach. This article outlines the building instructions of two types of PACKMAN units: PACKMAN-S for ground-based measurements and PACKMAN-B for stratospheric measurements aboard high-altitude balloons.Publicación Acceso Abierto Pressure Optimized PowEred Respirator (PROPER): A miniaturized wearable cleanroom and biosafety system for aerially transmitted viral infections such as COVID-19(Elsevier BV, 2020-10-06) Nazarious, Miracle Israel; Mathanlal, Thasshwin; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Nazarious, M. I. [0000-0002-7148-8803]; Mathanlal, T. [0000-0003-2691-3855]; Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The supply of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in hospitals to keep the Health Care Professionals (HCP) safe taking care of patients may be limited, especially during the outbreak of a new disease. In particular, the face and body protective equipment is critical to prevent the wearer from exposure to pathogenic biological airborne particulates. This situation has been now observed worldwide during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. As concern over shortages of PPE at hospitals grows, we share with the public and makers’ community the Pressure Optimized PowEred Respirator (PROPER) equipment, made out of COTS components. It is functionally equivalent to a Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR). PROPER, a hood-based system which uses open source and easily accessible components is low-cost, relatively passive in terms of energy consumption and mechanisms, and easy and fast to 3D print, build and assemble. We have adapted our experience on building clean room environments and qualifying the bioburden of space instruments to this solution, which is in essence a miniaturized, personal, wearable cleanroom. PROPER would be able to offer better protection than an N95 respirator mask, mainly because it is insensitive to seal fit and it shields the eyes as well. The PROPER SMS fabric is designed for single-use and not intended for reuse, as they may start to tear and fail but the rest of the parts can be disinfected and reused. We provide a set of guidelines to build a low-cost 3D printed solution for an effective PAPR system and describe the procedures to validate it to comply with the biosafety level 3 requirements. We have validated the prototype of PROPER unit for air flow, ISO class cleanliness level, oxygen and carbon-dioxide gas concentrations during exhalation, and present here these results for illustration. We demonstrate that the area inside the hood is more than 200 times cleaner than the external ambient without the operator and more than 175 times with the operator and in an aerosol exposed environment. We also include the procedure to clean and disinfect the equipment for reuse. PROPER may be a useful addition to provide protection to HCPs against the SARS-CoV-2 virus or other potential future viral diseases that are transmitted aerially.Publicación Restringido DFT study of the reduction reaction of calcium perchlorate on olivine surface: Implications to formation of Martian's regolith(Elsevier BV, 2020-05-15) Escamilla Roa, E.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Hernández Laguna, A.; Sainz Díaz, C. I.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); 0000-0003-2286-8380; 0000-0002-4492-9650; 0000-0001-6479-2236; 0000-0003-0413-0761; 0000-0002-3872-0455; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Perchlorates have been found widespread on the surface of Mars, their origin and degradation pathways are not understood to date yet. We investigate here, from a theoretical point of view, the potential redox processes that take place in the interaction of Martian minerals such as olivine, with anhydrous and hydrated perchlorates. For this theoretical study, we take as mineral substrate the (1 0 0) surface of forsterite and calcium perchlorate salt as adsorbate. Our DFT calculations suggests a reduction pathway to chlorate and chlorite. When the perchlorate has more than 4 water molecules, this mechanism, which does not require high-temperature or high energy sources, results in parallel with the oxidation of the mineral surface, forming magnesium peroxide, MgO2, and in the formation of ClO3, which through photolysis is known to form ClO-O2. Because of the high UV irradiance that reaches the surface of Mars, this may be a source of O2 on Mars. Our results suggest that this process may be a natural removal pathway for perchlorates from the Martian regolith, which in the presence of atmospheric water for salt hydration, can furthermore lead to the production of oxygen. This mechanism may thus have implications on the present and future habitability of the Martian surface.Publicación Acceso Abierto Prebiotic chemistry in neutral/reduced-alkaline gas-liquid interfaces(Springer Nature, 2019-02-13) Mompeán, Cristina; Roig Marín-Yaseli, Margarita; Espigares, Patricia; González Toril, Elena; Zorzano, María-Paz; Ruiz-Bermejo, Marta; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)The conditions for the potential abiotic formation of organic compounds from inorganic precursors have great implications for our understanding of the origin of life on Earth and for its possible detection in other environments of the Solar System. It is known that aerosol-interfaces are effective at enhancing prebiotic chemical reactions, but the roles of salinity and pH have been poorly investigated to date. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the uniqueness of alkaline aerosols as prebiotic reactors that produce an undifferentiated accumulation of a variety of multi-carbon biomolecules resulting from high-energy processes (in our case, electrical discharges). Using simulation experiments, we demonstrate that the detection of important biomolecules in tholins increases when plausible and particular local planetary environmental conditions are simulated. A greater diversity in amino acids, carboxylic acids, N-heterocycles, and ketoacids, such as glyoxylic and pyruvic acid, was identified in tholins synthetized from reduced and neutral atmospheres in the presence of alkaline aqueous aerosols than that from the same atmospheres but using neutral or acidic aqueous aerosols.Publicación Acceso Abierto Ozone Detector Based on Ultraviolet Observations on the Martian Surface(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2024-10-21) Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Saiz López, A.; Smith, Michael D.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Arruego, Ignacio; García-Menéndez, Elisa; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Toledo, D.; Wolff, Michael; Zorzano, María-Paz; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)Ozone plays a key role in both atmospheric chemistry and UV absorption in planetary atmospheres. On Mars, upper-tropospheric ozone has been widely characterized by space-based instruments. However, surface ozone remains poorly characterized, hindered by the limited sensitivity of orbiters to the lowest scale height of the atmosphere and challenges in delivering payloads to the surface of Mars, which have prevented, to date, the measurement of ozone from the surface of Mars. Systematic measurements from the Martian surface could advance our knowledge of the atmospheric chemistry and habitability potential of this planet. NASA’s Mars 2020 mission includes the first ozone detector deployed on the Martian surface, which is based on discrete photometric observations in the ultraviolet band, a simple technology that could obtain the first insights into total ozone abundance in preparation for more sophisticated measurement techniques. This paper describes the Mars 2020 ozone detector and its retrieval algorithm, including its performance under different sources of uncertainty and the potential application of the retrieval algorithm on other missions, such as NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory. Pre-landing simulations using the UVISMART radiative transfer model suggest that the retrieval is robust and that it can deal with common issues affecting surface operations in Martian missions, although the expected low ozone abundance and instrument uncertainties could challenge its characterization in tropical latitudes of the planet. Other space missions will potentially include sensors of similar technology.
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