Persona: Zorzano, María-Paz
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Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
El Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial es el Organismo Público de Investigación (OPI) dependiente del Ministerio de Defensa. Además de realizar actividades de investigación científica y de desarrollo de sistemas y prototipos en su ámbito de conocimiento, presta servicios tecnológicos a empresas, universidades e instituciones.
El INTA está especializado en la investigación y el desarrollo tecnológico, de carácter dual, en los ámbitos de la Aeronáutica, Espacio, Hidrodinámica, Seguridad y Defensa.
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Zorzano
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María-Paz
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Publicación Acceso Abierto A Review of Sample Analysis at Mars-Evolved Gas Analysis Laboratory Analog Work Supporting the Presence of Perchlorates and Chlorates in Gale Crater, Mars(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2021-04-20) Clark, J.; Sutter, Brad; Douglas Archer, P.; Ming, D.; Elizabeth Rampe; McAdam, A. C.; Navarro González, R.; Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; Glavin, D.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Morris, Richard V.; Tu, V.; Ralston, S. J.; Mahaffy, Paul R.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover has detected evidence of oxychlorine compounds (i.e., perchlorates and chlorates) in Gale crater, which has implications for past habitability, diagenesis, aqueous processes, interpretation of in situ organic analyses, understanding the martian chlorine cycle, and hazards and resources for future human exploration. Pure oxychlorines and mixtures of oxychlorines with Mars-analog phases have been analyzed for their oxygen (O2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) releases on SAM laboratory analog instruments in order to constrain which phases are present in Gale crater. These studies demonstrated that oxychlorines evolve O2 releases with peaks between ~200 and 600 °C, although the thermal decomposition temperatures and the amount of evolved O2 decrease when iron phases are present in the sample. Mg and Fe oxychlorines decompose into oxides and release HCl between ~200 and 542 °C. Ca, Na, and K oxychlorines thermally decompose into chlorides and do not evolve HCl by themselves. However, the chlorides (original or from oxychlorine decomposition) can react with water-evolving phases (e.g., phyllosilicates) in the sample and evolve HCl within the temperature range of SAM (<~870 °C). These laboratory analog studies support that the SAM detection of oxychlorine phases is consistent with the presence of Mg, Ca, Na, and K perchlorate and/or chlorate along with possible contributions from adsorbed oxychlorines in Gale crater samples.Publicación Acceso Abierto Atmospheric composition of exoplanets based on the thermal escape of gases and implications for habitability: Atmospheric composition of exoplanets(The Royal Society Publishing (United Kingdom), 2020-09-09) Konatham, Samuel; Martín Torres, Javier; Zorzano, María-Paz; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; 0000-0002-8831-6047; 0000-0001-6479-2236; 0000-0002-4492-9650; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The detection of habitable exoplanets is an exciting scientific and technical challenge. Owing to the current and most likely long-lasting impossibility of performing in situ exploration of exoplanets, their study and hypotheses regarding their capability to host life will be based on the restricted low-resolution spatial and spectral information of their atmospheres. On the other hand, with the advent of the upcoming exoplanet survey missions and technological improvements, there is a need for preliminary discrimination that can prioritize potential candidates within the fast-growing list of exoplanets. Here we estimate, for the first time and using the kinetic theory of gases, a list of the possible atmospheric species that can be retained in the atmospheres of the known exoplanets. We conclude that, based on our current knowledge of the detected exoplanets, 45 of them are good candidates for habitability studies. These exoplanets could have Earth-like atmospheres and should be able to maintain stable liquid water. Our results suggest that the current definition of a habitable zone around a star should be revisited and that the capacity of the planet to host an Earth-like atmosphere to support the stability of liquid water should be added.Publicación Acceso Abierto Defects on a pyrite(100) surface produce chemical evolution of glycine under inert conditions: experimental and theoretical approaches(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019-10-10) Gálvez Martínez, Santos; Escamilla Roa, E.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Mateo Marti, Eva; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Mateo Martí, E. [0000-0003-4709-4676]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The presence of non-stoichiometric sites on the pyrite(100) surface makes it a suitable substrate for driving the chemical evolution of the amino acid glycine over time, even under inert conditions. Spectroscopic molecular fingerprints prove a transition process from a zwitterionic species to an anionic species over time on the monosulfide enriched surface. By combining experimental and theoretical approaches, we propose a surface mechanism where the interaction between the amino acid species and the surface will be driven by the quenching of the surface states at Fe sites and favoured by sulfur vacancies. This study demonstrates the potential capability of pyrite to act as a surface catalyst.Publicación Restringido Ar+ ion bombardment dictates glycine adsorption on pyrite (1 0 0) surface: X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and DFT approach(Elsevier BV, 2020-11-15) Gálvez Martínez, Santos; Escamilla Roa, E.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Mateo Marti, Eva; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu del Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Ar+ ion sputtering on pyrite surfaces leads to the generation of sulfur vacancies and metallic iron. Our research shows that sputtering and annealing processes drive electrostatic changes on the pyrite surface, which play an important role in the molecular adsorption of glycine. While both chemical species (anion and zwitterion) adsorb on a sputtered pyrite surface, the anionic form of glycine is favoured. Nevertheless, in both treatments (sputtered or annealed surfaces), molecules evolve from zwitterionic to anionic species over time. Quantum mechanical calculations based in Density Functional Theory (DFT) suggest the energy required to generate vacancies increases with the number of vacancies produced, and the atomic charge of the Fe atoms that is next to a vacancy increases linearly with the number of vacancies. This leads to enhanced redox processes on the sputtered pyrite surface that favour the adsorption of glycine, which is confirmed experimentally by X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS). We have investigated theoretically the efficiency of the adsorption process of the zwitterionic glycine onto vacancies sites: this reaction is exothermic, i.e. is energetically favoured and its energy increases with the number of defects, confirming the increased reactivity observed experimentally. The experiments show a treatment-dependent molecular selectivity of the pyrite surface.Publicación Acceso Abierto Aerosol radiative impact during the summer 2019 heatwave produced partly by an inter-continental Saharan dust outbreak – Part 1: Short-wave dust direct radiative effect(European Geoscience Union (EGU), 2021-04-30) Córdoba Jabonero, C.; Sicard, M.; López Cayuela, M. A.; Ansmann, A.; Comerón, A.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Rodríguez Gómez, A.; Muñóz Porcar, C.; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); European Research Council (ERC); Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Córdoba Jabonero, C. [0000-0003-4859-471X]; Sicard, M. [0000-0001-8287-9693]; López Cayuela, M. A. [0000-0002-8825-830X]; Comerón, A. [0000-0001-6886-3679]; Rodríguez Gómez, A. [0000-0002-9209-0685]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Grupo de investigación en Teledetección, Antenas, Microondas y Superconductividad UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE CATALUNYA, MDM-2016-0600; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The short-wave (SW) direct radiative effect (DRE) during the summer 2019 heatwave produced partly by a moderate, long-lasting Saharan dust outbreak over Europe is analysed in this study. Two European sites (periods) are considered: Barcelona, Spain (23–30 June), and Leipzig, Germany (29 and 30 June), 1350 km apart from each other. Major data are obtained from AERONET and polarised Micro-Pulse Lidar (P-MPL) observations. Modelling is used to describe the different dust pathways, as observed at both sites. The coarse dust (Dc) and fine dust (Df) components (with total dust, DD = Dc + Df) are identified in the profiles of the total particle backscatter coefficient using the POLIPHON (POlarisation LIdar PHOtometer Networking) method in synergy with P-MPL measurements. This information is used to calculate the relative mass loading and the centre-of-mass height, as well as the contribution of each dust mode to the total dust DRE. Several aspects of the ageing of dust are put forward. The mean dust optical depth and its ratios are, respectively, 0.153 and 24 % in Barcelona and 0.039 and 38 % in Leipzig; this Df increase in Leipzig is attributed to a longer dust transport path in comparison to Barcelona. The dust produced a cooling effect on the surface with a mean daily DRE of −9.1 and −2.5 W m−2, respectively, in Barcelona and Leipzig, but the DRE ratio is larger for Leipzig (52 %) than for Barcelona (37 %). Cooling is also observed at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), although less intense than on the surface. However, the DRE ratio at the TOA is even higher (45 % and 60 %, respectively, in Barcelona and Leipzig) than on the surface. Despite the predominance of Dc particles under dusty conditions, the SW radiative impact of Df particles can be comparable to, even higher than, that induced by the Dc ones. In particular, the DRE ratio in Barcelona increases by +2.4 % d−1 (surface) and +2.9 % d−1 (TOA) during the dusty period. This study is completed by a second paper about the long-wave and net radiative effects. These results are especially relevant for the next ESA EarthCARE mission (planned in 2022) as it is devoted to aerosol–cloud–radiation interaction research.Publicación Restringido Measuring electrical conductivity to study the formation of brines under martian conditions(Cambridge University Press, 2021-07-28) Nazarious, Miracle Israel; Ramachandran, Abhilash Vakkada; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737This paper describes a protocol to design experiments to study the formation of brines under Martian conditions and monitor the process with electrical conductivity measurements. We used the Engineering Qualification Model (EQM) of Habitability: Brines, Irradiation, and Temperature (HABIT)/ExoMars 2022 instrument for the experiment setup but we provide a brief account of constructing a simple and inexpensive electrical conductivity measurement setup. The protocol serves to calibrate the electrical conductivity measurements of the salt deliquescence into brine in a simulated Martian environment. The Martian conditions of temperature (-70 °C to 20 °C), relative humidity (0% to 100%) and pressure (7 - 8 mbar) with carbon-dioxide atmosphere were simulated in the SpaceQ Mars simulation chamber, a facility at the Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. The hydrate form of the known amount of salt accommodated between a pair of electrodes and thus the electrical conductivity measured depends predominantly on its water content and the temperature and relative humidity of the system. Electrical conductivity measurements were carried out at 1 Hz while exposing salts to a continuously increasing relative humidity (to force transitioning through various hydrates) at different Martian temperatures. For demonstration, a day-night cycle at Oxia Planum, Mars (the landing site of ExoMars 2022 mission) was recreated.Publicación Acceso Abierto Space Environmental Chamber for Planetary Studies(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2020-07-18) Ramachandran, Abhilash Vakkada; Nazarious, Miracle Israel; Mathanlal, Thasshwin; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; 0000-0003-0499-6370; 0000-0002-7148-8803; 0000-0002-4492-9650; 0000-0001-6479-2236; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737We describe a versatile simulation chamber that operates under representative space conditions (pressures from < 10-5 mbar to ambient and temperatures from 163 to 423 K), the SpaceQ chamber. This chamber allows to test instrumentation, procedures, and materials and evaluate their performance when exposed to outgassing, thermal vacuum, low temperatures, baking, dry heat microbial reduction (DHMR) sterilization protocols, and water. The SpaceQ is a cubical stainless-steel chamber of 27,000 cm3 with a door of aluminum. The chamber has a table which can be cooled using liquid nitrogen. The chamber walls can be heated (for outgassing, thermal vacuum, or dry heat applications) using an outer jacket. The chamber walls include two viewports and 12 utility ports (KF, CF, and Swagelok connectors). It has sensors for temperature, relative humidity, and pressure, a UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer, a UV irradiation lamp that operates within the chamber as well as a stainless-steel syringe for water vapor injection, and USB, DB-25 ports to read the data from the instruments while being tested inside. This facility has been specifically designed for investigating the effect of water on the Martian surface. The core novelties of this chamber are: (1) its ability to simulate the Martian near-surface water cycle by injecting water multiple times into the chamber through a syringe which allows to control and monitor precisely the initial relative humidity inside with a sensor that can operate from vacuum to Martian pressures and (2) the availability of a high-intensity UV lamp, operating from vacuum to Martian pressures, within the chamber, which can be used to test material curation, the role of the production of atmospheric radicals, and the degradation of certain products like polymers and organics. For illustration, here we present some applications of the SpaceQ chamber at simulated Martian conditions with and without atmospheric water to (i) calibrate the ground temperature sensor of the Engineering Qualification Model of HABIT (HabitAbility: Brines, Irradiation and Temperature) instrument, which is a part of ExoMars 2022 mission. These tests demonstrate that the overall accuracy of the temperature retrieval at a temperature between -50 and 10 °C is within 1.3 °C and (ii) investigate the curation of composite materials of Martian soil simulant and binders, with added water, under Martian surface conditions under dry and humid conditions. Our studies have demonstrated that the regolith, when mixed with super absorbent polymer (SAP), water, and binders exposed to Martian conditions, can form a solid block and retain more than 80% of the added water, which may be of interest to screen radiation while maintaining a low weight.Publicación Acceso Abierto Characterizing Dust-Radiation Feedback and Refining the Horizontal Resolution of the MarsWRF Model Down to 0.5 Degree(American Geophysical Union: Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2021-02-19) Gebhardt, C.; Abuelgasim, A.; Fonseca, R. M.; Martín Torres, Javier; Zorzano, María-Paz; United Arab Emirates University (UAE University); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Gebhardt, C. [0000-0003-4811-6267]; Abuelgasim, A. [0000-0001-8897-4181]; Fonseca, R. [0000-0002-8562-7368]; Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737In this study, three simulations by the Mars Weather Research and Forecasting Model are compared: two 10 Martian year (MY) 2° × 2° simulations with (i) fully radiatively active dust and (ii) a prescribed dust scenario, and a (iii) 1 MY 0.5° × 0.5° simulation with prescribed dust as in (ii). From comparing (i) and (ii), we found that the impact of dust-radiation feedback is individually different for any region. The most striking evidence are major dust lifting activities to the south of Chryse Planitia (S-CP) seen in (i) but not in (ii). By contrast, dust lifting and deposition on the southern slopes and inside the Hellas Basin are similar in both simulations. The latter, in turn, points toward a similar near-surface atmospheric circulation. In (iii), the total global amount of wind stress lifted dust is by a factor of ∼8 higher than in (ii), with S-CP being a major lifting region as in (i). Nonetheless, the surface dust lifting by wind stress in (iii) may be also reduced regionally, as seen at the peak of Elysium Mons because of its unique topography. The zonal mean circulation in (i) is generally of a comparable strength to that in (ii), with exceptions in global dust storm years, when it is clearly stronger in (i), in line with a dustier atmosphere. The differences in the zonal mean circulation between (ii) and (iii) are mostly at lower altitudes and may arise because of differences in the representation of the topography.Publicación Acceso Abierto Subsurface robotic exploration for geomorphology, astrobiology and mining during MINAR6 campaign, Boulby Mine, UK: part I (Rover development).(Cambridge University Press, 2020-04-05) Mathanlal, Thasshwin; Bhardwaj, Anshuman; Vakkada Ramachandran, A.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Cockell, Charles S.; Edwards, T.; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Bhardwaj, A. [0000-0002-2502-6384]; Vakkada Ramachandran, A. [0000-0003-0499-6370]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Autonomous exploration requires the use of movable platforms that carry a payload of instruments with a certain level of autonomy and communication with the operators. This is particularly challenging in subsurface environments, which may be more dangerous for human access and where communication with the surface is limited. Subsurface robotic exploration, which has been to date very limited, is interesting not only for science but also for cost-effective industrial exploitation of resources and safety assessments in mines. Furthermore, it has a direct application to exploration of extra-terrestrial subsurface environments of astrobiological and geological significance such as caves, lava tubes, impact or volcanic craters and subglacial conduits, for deriving in-situ mineralogical resources and establishing preliminary settlements. However, the technological solutions are generally tailor-made and are therefore considered as costly, fragile and environment-specific, further hindering their extensive and effective applications. To demonstrate the advantages of rover exploration for a broad-community, we have developed KORE (KOmpact Rover for Exploration); a low-cost, re-usable, rover multi-purpose platform. The rover platform has been developed as a technological demonstration for extra-terrestrial subsurface exploration and terrestrial mining operations pertaining to geomorphological mapping, environmental monitoring, gas leak detections and search and rescue operations in case of an accident. The present paper, the first part of a series of two, focuses on describing the development of a robust rover platform to perform dedicated geomorphological, astrobiological and mining tasks. KORE was further tested in the Mine Analogue Research 6 (MINAR6) campaign during September 2018 in the Boulby mine (UK), the second deepest potash mine in Europe at a subsurface depth of 1.1 km, the results of which will be presented in the second paper of this series. KORE is a large, semi-autonomous rover weighing 160 kg with L x W x H dimensions 1.2 m x 0.8 m x 1 m and a payload carrying capacity of 100 kg using 800 W traction power that can power to a maximum speed of 8.4 km h(-1). The rover can be easily dismantled in three parts facilitating its transportation to any chosen site of exploration. Presently, the main scientific payloads on KORE are: (1) a three-dimensional mapping camera, (2) a methane detection system, (3) an environmental station capable of monitoring temperature, relative humidity, pressure and gases such as NO2, SO2, H2S, formaldehyde, CO, CO2, O-3, O(2,)volatile organic compounds and particulates and (4) a robotic arm. Moreover, the design of the rover allows for integration of more sensors as per the scientific requirements in future expeditions. At the MINAR6 campaign, the technical readiness of KORE was demonstrated during 6 days of scientific research in the mine, with a total of 22 h of operation.Publicación Acceso Abierto Development of a wind retrieval method for low-speed low-pressure flows for ExoMars(Elsevier BV, 2020-11-05) Soria Salinas, Álvaro; Zorzano, María-Paz; Mantas Nakhai, R.; Martín Torres, Javier; Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Forced convective heat transfer from three horizontally inclined rectangular-based cylinders (rods) has been studied experimentally under representative Martian near-surface air flows in the Aarhus Wind Tunnel Simulator (AWTS), Denmark. The testing campaign was developed for the HABIT (Habitability: Brines, Irradiation and Temperature) instrument, European payload on board the ExoMars 2022 Kazachok surface platform. The average heat transfer coefficient was determined from steady CO2 flows at a pressure of 9.9 mbar, an ambient temperature of ∼25 °C, and for horizontal free-stream velocities between 0.8 and 12 m/s. A retrieval algorithm to derive the wind speed from the average heat transfer coefficient estimated at each of the three HABIT Air Temperature Sensors (ATS) rods was calibrated within the AWTS. The ATS rods are placed one at the front of the instrument structure (ATS2) and two on the sides (ATS1 and ATS3); and under Martian atmospheric conditions these rods serve as cooling fins. Several relationships between the Nusselt number and the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers reported in the literature were evaluated to model convective heat transfer from the ATS rods. Where needed, corrections to account for radiative heat transfer within the AWTS were implemented. The final retrieval method demonstrated that wind speed can be retrieved for frontal winds in the range of 0–10 m/s, with an error of ±0.3 m/s, using the cooling profile of the ATS rod 3, and for lateral winds in the range of 0–6 m/s, with an error of ±0.3 m/s, using the ATS rod 2 cooling profile.
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