(Aeronáutica) Artículos

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Roll Derivatives of Cruciform and Triform Tailed Rockets
(AIAA - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018-08-01) Morote, J.; Liaño, G.; Jiménez-Varona, José
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Steady and Unsteady Asymmetric Flow Regions Past an Axisymmetric Body
(AIAA - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021-03-31) Jiménez-Varona, José; Liaño, Gabriel; Castillo, José L.; García Ybarra, Pedro L.
The theoretical solution of the flowfield past an axisymmetric body flying at a high angle of attack at subsonic flow conditions is a challenging problem since it entails large areas of boundary-layer separation and a complex vortex sheet structure. At high angles of attack, the flow is asymmetric and shows a dependence on the orientation angle, provided the body surface has sufficient roughness. Regarding theoretical simulations based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, eddy-viscosity turbulence models fail to simulate the unsteady flow structure in the rear zone of the body, yielding sectional side forces far different from those measured in experiments. Solutions obtained in this work by using Reynolds stress turbulence models combined with scale-adaptive simulation past an ogive-cylinder configuration show their ability to reproduce the essential features of the unsteady flow in the rear body. The model appears to be a suitable tool to investigate the complexities of this type of flow.
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Side Force on Bodies of Revolution: Role of Attached Flow
(AIAA - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021-07-28) Liaño, Gabriel; Jiménez-Varona, José; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)
The flowfield past a body of revolution at large incidence may develop an asymmetric wake that induces a significant side force. It remains a challenging problem for both computational and experimental analyses, with massive separation and coexistence of steady and unsteady regions. A number of researchers have studied the complex separated flow on the lee side. This paper focuses on the role played by the attached flow on the windward side. Solutions obtained with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computation, shown to be in good agreement with experimental data, are used to investigate the contributions of the attached and separated regions of the flow to the forces acting on the body. A strongly unbalanced pressure distribution of the attached flow is responsible of most of the side force. A description of the crossflow structure is given to explain the large magnitude of the sectional side force, sometimes exceeding that of the normal force.
Acceso Abierto
Numerical Study of the Influence of the Geometrical Irregularities on Bodies of Revolution at High Angles of Attack
(MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022-09-28) Jiménez-Varona, José; Liaño, Gabriel
The flow at high angles of attack over axisymmetric configurations is not symmetric. The mechanism that triggers the asymmetry may be a combination of a global or hydrodynamic instability (temporal instability) combined with a convective instability (spatial instability) due to microscopic irregularities of the configuration. Poor repeatability of experiments and large differences in the global forces have been obtained with very small changes of the nose tip. In order to study theoretically this phenomenon, numerical simulations have been conducted for an ogive-cylinder configuration at subsonic flow and high angle of attack. For the numerical prediction of the flow about a missile type configuration, an assessment of the effect of structured and unstructured meshes is very important. How the body surface is modelled is very relevant; especially the tip zone of the body. Either configuration resembles a smooth or a rough model. The effect of the turbulence models is also decisive. The analysis has led to the conclusion that only Reynolds stress turbulence models (RSM) combined with Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS), are the appropriate theoretical tools for the characterization of this flow. The geometrical similarity is very important. There is a roll or orientation angle effect for the unstructured grid, while the structured grid presents a bi-stable solution, one mirror of each other.
Acceso Abierto
Roughness Effect on the Flow Past Axisymmetric Bodies at High Incidence
(MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022-10-28) Jiménez-Varona, José; Liaño, Gabriel; Castillo, José L.; García Ybarra, Pedro L.
The flow at low Mach numbers and high angles of attack over axisymmetric configurations is not symmetric. The mechanism that triggers the asymmetry is a combination of a global (temporal) instability and a convective (spatial) instability. This latter instability is caused by roughness and other geometrical imperfections, which lead to roll angle dependent forces. The flow at these conditions has a complex vortex sheet structure, with two or three different flow regions. An accurate simulation by means of Computational Flow Dynamics (CFD) is thus very challenging, and many researchers have therefore employed Large Eddy Simulation (LES) codes. This study demonstrates that Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) methods are a suitable alternative, if Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS) is used. This method is capable of capturing the main flow features, provided that fine meshes, which achieve geometrical similarity between the meshed geometry and the real object, and small-time steps are used. It is also demonstrated that, by using URANS methods in combination with SAS, strong differences in the global and local forces depending on the surface roughness of the model are obtained, a result which coincides with several wind tunnel tests.
Acceso Abierto
Numerical Analysis of the Magnus Effect on the Forces Past an Axisymmetric Body at High Incidence
(MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2023-02-10) Jiménez-Varona, José
Rolling motion is the motion where a body flies at a constant pitch angle α with respect to the freestream velocity vector, while undergoing a constant angular rotation p about its longitudinal axis. An effect of this motion is the appearance of a Magnus force and moment, which add to the static forces and moments. One problem that arises at high angles of attack is that the flow is not symmetric in these conditions, leading to a non-zero side force at a zero spin rate. Additionally, the roughness induces a roll angle effect on the side and normal forces, and therefore on the moments. Then, at low roll rates, the prediction is difficult to assess due to the complex interactions due to the moving walls, roughness and shedding vortices that appear at the leeside. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an appropriate tool for investigating these non-linear effects, particularly at high angles of attack. It can help provide a more accurate model of the forces and moments and provide insight into the complex flow field. It is necessary to use high-level turbulence models, transient calculations and fine grids in order to capture the flow field and obtain accurate forces, moments and their derivatives. The calculations have shown that the flow is not symmetrical with the roll rate. There are differences depending on the sign of the spin velocity. The Magnus forces are difficult to determine from the total forces, as there are significant non-linear effects.
Acceso Abierto
Fineness Ratio Effects on the Flow Past an Axisymmetric Body at High Incidence
(MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2023-05-04) Jiménez-Varona, José; Liaño, Gabriel
The flow past an axisymmetric body at a sufficiently high angle of attack becomes asymmetric and unsteady. Several authors identified three different flow regions for bodies of large fineness ratio at low subsonic flow and high incidence: a steady region in the forebody and two unsteady regions in the rear body. Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) codes with eddy viscosity turbulence models or Reynolds stress turbulence models fail to capture the unsteady flow region. These methods are overly dissipative and resolve only frequencies far lower than turbulent fluctuations. Scale-Adaptive-Simulation (SAS) provides an alternative method to afford the problem of these massively separated flows at high Reynolds numbers without addressing the problem to Large Eddy Simulation (LES). This paper applies SAS to study the effect of slenderness on the flow. The numerical solutions show that the flow becomes more unstable as the fineness ratio increases, and the three flow regions are clearly recognizable. For low fineness ratios, only one of the two unsteady regions is visible. The good agreement between the sectional forces and pressure coefficients with their corresponding experimental data for an ogive-cylinder configuration allows an analysis of the flow structure with a fair degree of confidence.
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An inverse method for transonic wing design
(Wiley online library, 1999-01-07) Jiménez-Varona, José
A fast, efficient and reliable code for wing design has been developed at INTA coupling a residual-correction method by Bauer, McFadden and Garabedian to an inviscid solver for wing analysis in transonic flow. Smoothing procedures, including Bèzier cubic splines, are used to avoid irregularities of the wing surface, as well as the twist distribution. A modified version of FLO22 code is used as the flow solver. The original code has been adapted to improve its accuracy. Some results are presented, showing the reliability of the code. The redesign of a wing in transonic flow—which was used as test case in LARA project of BRITE-EURAM II during 1993–94—is presented with promising results. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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An inverse code based on a residual-correction method for wing design
(Elsevier, 1999-10-28) Jiménez-Varona, José
A fast, efficient and reliable code for wing design has been developed at INTA coupling a residual-correction method by Bauer, McFadden and Garabedian to an inviscid solver for wing analysis in transonic flow. Smoothing procedures, including Bézier cubic splines, are used to avoid irregularities of the wing surface, as well as the twist distribution. A non-conservative full potential finite differences code is used as the flow solver. The redesign of two wings in transonic flow are presented with promising results. The computing time required to achieve convergence up to a good level of accuracy is less than 1 hour in a Workstation of 300 Mflops. The code is actually a powerful tool for preliminary wing design. Future work will be addressed to the addition of viscous effects and to studies on the optimization of target pressure distributions.
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Nonlinear Rolling Motion of Triform Finned Missiles
(AIAA - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017-01-31) Morote, J.; Liaño, Gabriel; Jiménez-Varona, José
A theoretical investigation of the rolling motion of triform configurations at high angles of attack is presented. A nonlinear aerodynamic flow model, derived from strip and slender body theories, is used to predict the aerodynamic roll coefficients of triform tailed missiles at high angles of attack. The flow model predictions are compared to the estimates of a panel-based code and a computational fluid dynamics code at two Mach numbers.
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Overview of steam oxidation behaviour of Al protective oxide precursor coatings on P92
(Taylor and Francis online, 2016-03-04) Agüero, Alina; Gutiérrez del Olmo, Marcos; Muelas Gamo, Raúl; Spiradek Hahn, K.
Future designs for steam power plants are expected to operate at 625–750°C, at which the candidate ferritic/martensitic steels exhibit insufficient steam oxidation resistance. Al-based coatings constitute an alternative to prevent or reduce oxidation. For over 50 years this type of coating has been applied on blades and vanes made of Ni- and Co-based alloys used in the hot section gas of turbines which operate at temperatures higher than 900°C. For these coatings, the mechanism of protection from high-temperature oxidation, is based on the formation and maintenance of a thin layer of dense α-Al2O3. Many articles have been written about the nature, formation and failure mechanism of oxide precursor coatings, under air, at over 900°C. [1–6] However, very little is known regarding alumina scales formed under pure steam at lower temperatures, which is the expected scenario for new steam power plants. This paper covers a recapitulation of the behaviour of Al-based protective oxides formed on coatings with various compositions under steam at 650°C, including new data relative to the formation of said oxides under steam and the microstructure of samples exposed to steam for 70 000 h. It has been shown that on Al containing coatings, such as diffusion Fe aluminides and FeCrAls, alumina forms under steam at 650°C. Provided that a critical content of Al is maintained underneath the scale, Al2O3 is very stable, surpassing 70 000 h under steam at 650°C, without evidence of spallation (testing is still ongoing). The industry target for coatings in this cases is 100 000 h. In turn, the critical Al content depends on the coating's Cr content, and if the oxidation takes place at temperatures of 900°C or higher, under air. However, under steam, alumina phases formation and transformations are different: at 650°C χ-Al2O3 forms initially, and appears to slowly transform unto α-Al2O3. General considerations regarding the stability of protective oxides formed under steam as a function of the composition of the subjacent material will be provided.
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Performance of HIPIMS deposited CrN/NbN nanostructured coatings exposed to 650 °C in pure steam environment
(Elsevier, 2016-05-20) Hovsepian, P.; Ehiasarian, A. P.; Purandare, Y. P.; Biswas, B.; Pérez, F. J.; Lasanta, M. I.; De Miguel, M. T.; Illana, A.; Juez Lorenzo, M.; Muelas Gamo, Raúl; Agüero, Alina
In the current work, 4 μm thick CrN/NbN coating utilising nanoscale multilayer structure with bi-layer thickness of Δ = 2.9 nm has been used to protect 9 wt% Cr steels such as P92 widely used in steam power plants. The uniquely layered coatings have a combination of nitrides of chromium and niobium which are not only resistant to aqueous corrosion and corrosion-erosion and have excellent tribological properties, but also have oxidation resistance in dry air up to a temperature of 850 °C. The novel High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HIPIMS) deposition technology has been used to deposit CrN/NbN with enhanced adhesion (critical load of scratch adhesion LC2 = 80 N) and a very dense microstructure as demonstrated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging. These superior coating properties are achieved due to the unique high metal ion content (up to 90%) in the HIPIMS plasma, which allows particle acceleration and trajectory control by external electrical and magnetic fields thus delivering highly energetic material flux on the condensing surface. P92 bare and coated samples were oxidised at 650 °C in 100% steam atmosphere up to 2000 h, in order to simulate the future operation conditions of steam turbines employed in power plants. The oxidation kinetics was evaluated by mass gain measurements. Under these conditions CrN/NbN provided reliable protection of the P92 steel. The paper also discusses the effect of growth defects and high temperature crack formation analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques (SEM and FIB-SEM, respectively) on the high temperature corrosion resistance in pure steam atmosphere thus revealing the coatings potential failure mechanisms.
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Corrosion Resistance of Novel Coatings on Ferritic Steels for Oxycombustion–Supercritical Steam Boilers: Preliminary Results
(Springer Nature Link, 2015-07-23) Agüero, Alina; Baraibar, Ignacio; González, Vanessa; Muelas Gamo, Raúl; Plana, Daniel; European Commission; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
Increasing the efficiency of coal fired steam power plants is an important contribution towards clean coal power. In fact, new ferritic steels are expected to withstand 325 bar and 650 °C. Moreover, in order to facilitate CO2 capture oxygen can be used instead of air for combustion (oxycombustion) so that no NOX emissions are produced. Boiler components, such as superheater tubes, are exposed to both steam and fireside corrosion and at higher temperatures, ferritic steels corrode at very fast rates under both atmospheres. A solution can be found in the use of protective coatings, a number of which, applied by techniques capable of depositing said coatings both on the inner and outer surfaces of tubes, are being studied within nationally and European funded projects. In particular, two new Ni and Cr modified aluminide coatings deposited on P92 by non-line-of-sight hybrid processes have been produced and the preliminary results of on-going laboratory testing, both under oxycombustion model atmospheres as well as under pure steam at 650 °C are promising, in particular those exhibited by the Cr enriched aluminide coating. Moreover, results obtained in a pilot oxycombustion boiler operated by CIUDEN in Leon, Spain are also shown.
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Laboratory corrosion testing of coatings and substrates simulating coal combustion under a low NOx burner atmosphere
(Wiley online library, 2013-07-02) Agüero, Alina; Gutiérrez del Olmo, Marcos; Muelas Gamo, Raúl; Plana, Daniel; Román, A.; Hernández, M.
It is certainly a difficult task to evaluate new materials and coatings to be used for boilers in power plants, as conditions are extremely complex, comprising a highly erosive environment, high temperature, highly corrosive gases, and reactive deposits. In particular, early catastrophic failures, as well as higher degradation rates have been observed on different power plant boiler components when operating under atmospheres containing low levels of oxygen. These atmospheres are typical of low NOx burners, and can be more corrosive than normal oxidizing conditions. The presence of a sulfidizing atmosphere as well as ash deposits present in boilers, are in part responsible of this accelerated damage. In this work, testing under a low oxygen atmosphere has been carried out on T22 and P92 uncoated and coated specimens. The atmosphere was equal to that measured in a Spanish coal-fired power plant (ENDESA, Compostilla, León) and the test temperature was 580 °C. Tested coatings were slurry applied aluminides, as well as two HVOF sprayed coatings including a commercially deposited Cr2C3NiCr, and a newly developed Cr2O3-Cr composite coating. The specimens were covered with ash (taken from the plant) prior to testing. After testing, the uncoated substrates exhibited high thickness oxides with some sulfide inclusions whereas all tested coatings were very protective. Exposed samples of T22 tubes employed in the Compostilla power plants were analyzed and compared with the corresponding specimens tested in the laboratory. In both cases, the scales contained Fe3O4 and FeS but the sulfide content was significantly higher in the scale formed in the plant. Moreover, ash particles were found embedded in the both scales.
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Enhanced wall-boundary modeling for turbulent flows using the lattice Boltzmann method with adaptive Cartesian grids
(AIP Publishing, 2026-01-20) Ponsin Roca, Jorge; Lozano, Carlos
We propose an enhanced wall-boundary treatment for the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), designed for high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows on adaptively refined Cartesian grids. The method improves the slip-velocity bounce-back scheme by coupling it with a near-wall turbulence model based on an analytical wall function. The Spalart–Allmaras (negative) turbulence model is solved using a second-order finite-difference scheme and integrated within the LBM framework to statistically represent the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations (LBM-RANS). The approach is validated on two benchmark configurations: the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 0012 airfoil and the McDonnell Douglas (MD)-30P30N multielement high-lift configuration. LBM-RANS results show good agreement with conventional finite-volume RANS solutions and experimental data for key aerodynamic quantities, including pressure and skin-friction distributions as well as turbulent boundary-layer velocity profiles and eddy-viscosity fields. The method delivers smooth and accurate predictions of skin friction, which are often challenging for immersed-boundary approaches on Cartesian grids. The auxiliary geometric data required for enforcing the turbulent boundary condition are minimal, making the method potentially well-suited for graphics processing unit-based implementations. Moreover, no ad hoc near-wall treatments are needed, as the boundary condition is applied naturally via the link-wise bounce-back scheme. These results illustrate that the proposed LBM-RANS framework can robustly and accurately simulate high-Reynolds-number turbulent two-dimensional flows over complex aerodynamic geometries under equilibrium or near-equilibrium conditions.
Acceso Abierto
Estudio del Tratamiento Térmico de Difusión de Recubrimientos de Al sobre aceros ferrítico
(Arrola, 2014-01-04) Agüero, Alina; Gutiérrez del Olmo, Marcos; González, Vanessa
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Oxidation under pure steam: Cr based protective oxides and coatings
(Elsevier, 2013-09-20) Agüero, Alina; González, Vanessa; Gutiérrez del Olmo, Marcos; Muelas Gamo, Raúl
At temperatures of 900 °C and higher, the formation, transformation and failure of protective oxides in air have been deeply studied. However, there is significantly less available information of these processes when they take place under pure steam and in the lower temperature range pertinent to steam power plants. New designs for these plants are expected to operate at 625–700 °C, at which the candidate ferritic/martensitic steels exhibit very low steam oxidation resistance. In this paper, available knowledge of the behavior of Cr based protective oxides formed under steam at 650 °C will be presented. It is already known that on ferritic/martensitic steels with a Cr content lower than ~ 9 wt.% such as P92, a nonprotective, thick, dual layer composed of Fe3O4 and (Fe, Cr)3O4 forms. However, significantly higher steam oxidation resistance has been recently found when exposing NPM, a 9 wt.% Cr martensitic steel rich in W and Co, to pure steam at 650 °C. In this case a protective, very thin multilayer forms, with alternating Fe3O4 and (Fe, Cr, Mn)3O4 layers. Different oxides formed after 10,000 h of exposure to steam at 650 °C, on Cr containing coatings. In the case of Fe based, Cr rich coatings, both diffusion and overlay, a protective spinel was observed. However, Cr containing coatings based on Ni develop a very stable, protective thin Cr2O3 layer. Results show that along with the Cr content, other factors such as the grain size below the scale appear to determine the formation of thin protective scales. The steam pressure was also found to significantly and negatively affect the stability of protective Cr based oxides. Chromia former steels and coatings may not be the best solution for 650 °C new generation steam power plants.
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HVOF-Deposited WCCoCr as Replacement for Hard Cr in Landing Gear Actuators
(Springer Nature Link, 2011-10-05) Agüero, Alina; Camón, F.; García de Blas, Javier; del Hoyo Gordillo, Juan Carlos; Muelas Gamo, Raúl; Santaballa, A.; Ulargui, S.; Vallés, P.
WCCoCr coatings deposited by HVOF can replace hard Cr on landing gear components. Powders with two different WC particle sizes (micro and nano-) and geometries have been employed to study the effects on the coating’s properties. Moreover, coatings produced employing two sets of parameters resulting in high and low flame temperatures have been evaluated. Minor differences in microstructure and morphology were observed for the two powders employing the same spraying parameters, but the nano-sized powder exhibited a higher spraying efficiency. However, more significant microstructural changes result when the low- and high-energy spray parameters are used. Moreover, results of various tests which include adhesion, wear, salt fog corrosion resistance, liquid immersion, and axial fatigue strength, indicate that the coatings produced with high-energy flame are similar in behavior. On the other hand, the nanostructured low-energy flame coating exhibited a significantly lower salt fog corrosion resistance.
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Anomalous steam oxidation behavior of a creep resistant martensitic 9 wt. % Cr steel
(Elsevier, 2013-06-09) Agüero, Alina; González, Vanessa; Mayr, Peter; Spiradek Hahn, Krystina; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
The efficiency of thermal power plants is currently limited by the long-term creep strength and the steam oxidation resistance of the commercially available ferritic/martensitic steel grades. Higher operating pressures and temperatures are essential to increase efficiency but impose important requirements on the materials, from both the mechanical and chemical stability perspective. It has been shown that in general, a Cr wt. % higher than 9 is required for acceptable oxidation rates at 650 °C, but on the other hand such high Cr content is detrimental to the creep strength. Surprisingly, preliminary studies of an experimental 9 wt. % Cr martensitic steel, exhibited very low oxidation rates under flowing steam at 650 °C for exposure times exceeding 20,000 h. A metallographic investigation at different time intervals has been carried out. Moreover, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis of a ground sample exposed to steam for 10,000 h at 650 °C revealed the formation of a complex tri-layered protective oxide comprising a top and bottom Fe and Cr rich spinel layer with a magnetite intermediate layer on top of a very fine grained zone.
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Effects of a Steam Pre-treatment on the Formation and Transformation of Alumina Phases on Fe Aluminide Coatings
(Springer Nature Link, 2012-12-25) Agüero, Alina; Hernández, M.; Santaballa, A.; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
Several researchers have studied the transformation of metastable aluminas (γ- and θ-) to α-Al2O3 but very little is known regarding alumina scales formed under water vapour and their transformation to α-Al2O3. Some results have indicated that water vapour increases the oxidation rate of alumina-scale forming coatings but others have found the opposite, that is, that under water vapour the oxidation rates decrease as either transition aluminas do not form or the transformation to α-Al2O3 is accelerated. In addition, it was found that χ-Al2O3 is the only oxide that forms at the initial stages of oxidation under 100 % steam on Fe–Al coatings at 650 °C. Under these conditions, this oxide is very protective, and slowly transforms onto α-Al2O3. A preliminary study of the transformation of χ- to α-Al2O3 at 900 °C under laboratory air was carried out. χ-Al2O3 was generated by a steam pre-treatment on slurry Fe aluminide coatings deposited on P92.

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